Case of Indonesian Covid-19 Chatbot Service

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 공과대학 협동과정 기술경영·경제·정책전공, 2021.8. 황준석.Currently, various countries have a national Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a reference to implement the strategies and identify the direction of government policies. AI encompasses a wide range of technologies, one of which is the chatbot platform that can increase efficiency, save time and budget, and provide higher quality public services. Furthermore, in 2019, the Indonesian government released the features of the chatbot platform, which has 2 million users from a total population of 250 million people. Therefore, this study aims to examine the current problems in adopting a chatbot platform using technological, organizational, and environmental (TOE) framework approach. The results show recommendations on the aspects to be considered when adopting AI-based public services.최근 들어, 많은 국가에서 인공지능(AI; Artificial Intelligence) 기반 사회를 위한 AI 구축 전략을 쓰고 있다. AI는 다양한 기술을 필요로 하며 적용사례를 사회 전반에서 찾아볼 수 있는데, 그중 하나는 시간, 비용적으로 효율적이며 높은 질의 공공 서비스 제공이 가능한 챗봇이다. 2019년 인도네시아 정부는 코로나-19 감염증에 관련된 기본적인 정보를 제공할 수 있는 AI 기반 챗봇을 출시했는데, 약 2억 5천만 인구 중 약 2백만 명 만이 사용했다. 본 연구의 목적은 인도네시아에서 챗봇 서비스를 보급하는 데에 있어서 문제가 되는 기술적, 조직적, 환경적 요인들을 조사하는 것이며, 이를 바탕으로 보급을 위해 고려 할 만한 사항들을 인도네시아 정부에 추천하는 것이다.Chapter 1. Introduction １ 1.1 Research Background １ 1.2 Research Purpose ４ 1.3 Scope of the Research ７ 1.4 Research Methodology ７ Chapter 2. Theoretical Background and Hypotheses Development ８ 2.1 Platform ８ 2.1.1 Platform Issues ９ 2.1.2 Security Issues １０ 2.2 Indonesian Government Policy １１ 2.2.1 Roadmap eGovernment １４ 2.2.2 Indonesian Broadband Plan １８ 2.2.3 The movement towards 100 Smart Cities ２１ 2.2.4 National Artificial Intelligence Strategy ２２ 2.3 Artificial Intelligence ２４ 2.3.1 Chatbot Platform ２６ 2.3.2 AI Ethics ２９ 2.4 TOE Framework ３１ 2.5 Structure Equation Modeling (SEM) ３５ 2.5.1 SEM Relationship Model ３６ 2.5.2 Partial Least Squares (PLS) ３８ 2.6 Hypotheses Development ３９ 2.6.1 Technology ３９ 2.6.1.1 Perceived Usefulness ４０ 2.6.1.2 ICT Expertise ４０ 2.6.1.3 ICT Infrastructure ４１ 2.6.2 Organization ４１ 2.6.2.1 Top Management Support ４２ 2.6.2.2 Staff Capacity ４２ 2.6.3 Environment ４３ 2.6.3.1 Regulatory Environment ４３ 2.6.3.2 Citizen Participation ４４ Chapter 3. Research Methodology ４５ 3.1 Qualitative approaches ４５ 3.2 Quantitative approaches ４６ 3.2.1 Population and Sample ４７ 3.3 Data Collection ４８ 3.3.1 Survey ４８ 3.3.2 Survey Instrument ４８ Chapter 4. Analysis and Results ５３ 4.1 Demographic Data of Respondents ５３ 4.1.1 Origin of the institution ５３ 4.1.2 Role in the Institution ５４ 4.1.3 Age ５５ 4.1.4 The number of public services under the institution ５５ 4.1.5 Status of AI-based public services implementation ５６ 4.1.6 Respondents Demographics Summary ５７ 4.2 Data Analysis using SEM Method Using SmartPLS 3.3.2 ５７ 4.2.1 Path diagram formation ５８ 4.2.2 Evaluation of Measurement Model (Outer Model) ５８ 4.2.2.1 The convergent validity examination analysis ５９ 4.2.3 Evaluation of Structural Model ６３ 4.2.3.1 Path Coefficients ６３ 4.2.3.2 Coefficients of Determinant (R2) ６４ 4.2.3.3 Hypothesis test ６５ 4.2.3.4 Effect Size (f2) ６６ 4.3 Discussion of Analysis Results ６７ 4.3.1 Relationship between Perceived usefulness, ICT Expertise, and ICT Infrastructure with technological dimensions. ８１ 4.3.2 Relationship between Top Management Support and Staff Capacity with Organizational dimensions. ８２ 4.3.3 Relationship between Regulatory Environment and Citizen Participation with environment dimensions. ８４ 4.3.4 Relationship between Technology dimension with Intention to adoption ８６ 4.3.5 Relationship between Organizational dimension with Intention to adoption ８７ 4.3.6 Relationship between Environment dimension with Intention to adoption ８８ 4.4 Implication ８９ 4.4.1 Theoretical Implication ８９ 4.4.2 Practical Implication ９０ Chapter 5. Conclusion and Limitation ９２ 5.1 Discussion ９２ 5.2 Model Comparison ９６ 5.3 Limitation and Future Research ９７ Bibliography ９９ Questioner １０４ Summary Measurement Model １０７석

Conceptual Model of Big Data Technologies Adoption in Smart Cities of the European Union

Big data technologies enable cities to develop towards a smart city. However, the adoption of big data technologies is challenging, which is why it is essential to identify factors that influence the adoption of big data technologies in cities. The main goal of the paper is to propose a conceptual model of big data technologies adoption in smart cities of the European Union. In order to derive the conceptual model following is done: i) overview of the previous Technology-OrganisationEnvironment framework - based research on the adoption of selected information and communications technologies crucial for the development of smart cities, and ii) selection of factors based on the critical examination of the previous research. Selected factors, Absorptive Capacity, Technology Readiness, Compatibility, City Managements Support, the Existence of Smart City Strategy and Stakeholders Support, were incorporated into the conceptual model of big data technologies adoption in smart cities of the European Union. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</p

A Trust Based Smart City Adoption Model for the Australian Regional Cities: A Conceptual Framework

With nearly half of the world’s population living in the cities, many city and local governments are seeking to deploy smart solutions to their everyday city operations through the implementation of smart city services. However, the subject of smart city services has always been associated with trustworthiness of the services by its users due to security and privacy concerns. These issues may have a major impact on the smart city services adoption. The aim of this proposed research is to examine the technology, organisational, environment, and security determinants that influence stakeholders’ trust towards their intention to adopt smart city services in Australian regional cities. For this, Technology-Organisation- Environment framework together with security related factors for ensuring stakeholders’ trust will be tested using both quantitative and qualitative data. Structural equation modelling technique will be carried out using Smart PLS to test the presented hypotheses and the results will be finally discussed

Prioritizing Key Success Factor of the Internet of Things Application in Tourism Enterprise

Purpose: The objective of this study is to explore critical success factors in Internet of Things applying and their importance level in tourism companies using the fuzzy theory.   Theoretical framework: This paper uses the TOE framework and adds a customer security variable. Therefore, the framework includes four variables technology, organization, environment, and customer security (TOEC) which are the four aspects of this research framework.   Design/methodology/approach: By integrating FAHP and FAHP extension methods, the study finds that the critical success factors for IoT application in tourism companies, including technology, organization, environment, and customer security.   Findings: The result show that, the first ranking is organization factor, the second ranking belongs to technology, customer securities come with third ranking, and the fourth ranking is environment. This result also indicates that IT Human resources, Technology infrastructure, Top management support, and organization readiness are the prioritized critical success factors for IoT applications in tourism companies.   Research, Practical &amp; Social implications: This paper contributes to the understanding of IoT, its features and highlights the importance of new technology and solutions in tourism industry.   Originality/value: This study fills the gap in the TEO model by adding the factor of customer securities so-called TEOC model

이해관계자 접근을 통한 베트남 중소도시의 스마트시티 개발에 관한 연구

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 환경대학원 협동과정 조경학, 2021. 2. 송영근.베트남은 지난 30년 이상의 혁신을 통해 경제적 및 사회적 측면에서 많은 변화와 성과가 있었다. 그러나 이러한 발전에 따라 급속한 도시화가 나타났으며, 많은 지역에서 계획의 과정과 내용에 있어 큰 혼란을 야기하고 있다. 이와 같은 문제는 도시환경 개선을 위하여 계획하는 거버넌스 및 인프라에 압력을 더하고 있다. 다시 말하면, 도시의 발전은 성장 속도 뿐만 아니라 모든 측면에서의 조화가 요구되며, 도시의 발전은 스마트 솔루션에 의해 이루어져야 한다. 스마트 시티로의 전환은 전세계적인 트렌드일 뿐만 아니라, 베트남의 많은 도시에서도 확산되고 있다. 스마트 시티에 있어 필수적인 논의, 특히 전통적인 도시 관리 정책의 관점에서 스마트 기술에 대한 논의가 많이 있었다. 하지만, 기술 측면에서 초점을 맞춘 개발 방식은 스마트 시티를 둘러싼 다양한 요소의 수준을 고려하지 않았다는 비판을 받았다. 스마트 시티는 기술적인 요소뿐만 아니라 복잡한 주변 환경을 고려하여야하기 때문에, 정부가 스마트 정책을 적용함에 있어 다양한 요소를 고려하지 않으면 시민들에게 양질의 서비스를 효과적으로 제공할 수 없을 것이다. 물리적 시스템과 사람 간 상호 작용을 이끌어내는 공공서비스의 최종사용자로서 이해관계자(Stakeholder) 는 정책결정 과정에 있어 아이디어를 제공하고 성공적인 도시 솔루션을 함께 구축하여야 한다. 스마트 시티 개발 과정에서 이해관계자의 역할 정립은 전세계 모든 도시에서 주요 과제로 확인되었다. 모든 과정에서 이해관계자의 참여는 정책결정자가 효과적인 데이터 수집 및 분석과 스마트 시티 개발 과정에서 올바른 의사 결정을 내리는데 도움을 줄 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 스마트 시티 개발에 있어 과학적 연구로서 이해관계자 접근을 통해 베트남 중소 도시의 스마트 시티 개발 준비에 있어 통합적인 시사점을 제공하고자 한다. 논문은 우선 스마트 시티 개발 전략과 관련된 선행 연구에 대한 검토와 요인을 추출하였다. 이 과정에서 AHP분석을 통해 요인의 순위를 평가하였다. 분석 결과, 내부 요인 가운데, 시민참여 (0.4141), 행정 , 인프라 (0.2234) 순으로 나타났으며, 외부 요인으로는 정치적 의지 (0.5093), 이해관계자 (0.3373), 기술의 시대 (0.1535) 순으로 나타났다. 또한, 달랏(Da Lat), 냐짱(Nha Trang)과 박닌(Bac Ninh) 등 베트남 3개의 중소도시에서의 설문조사를 실시하여 선형 구조방정식모형(Structural Equation Modeling)을 통해 스마트 시티 개발 준비에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하고자 하였다 (adjusted R2=0.589) . 그 결과, 스마트 시티 개발 준비에 영향을 미치는 3개의 주요 요인으로 기술적, 조직적, 환경적 측면으로 나타났으며, 특히 조직 측면에서의 준비는 스마트 시티 개발 준비에 가장 큰 영향을 미친다는 것을 확인하였다 (β coefficient = 0.415; t-value = 8.960; p = 0.000). 마지막으로 초기 단계부터 성공적인 스마트 시티 개발을 위하여 효과적인 전략 지침과 관리 및 운영 원칙에 대한 프레임워크를 제시하였다.After more than 30 years of renovation in economic and social aspects, Vietnam has brought many outstanding achievements. However, rapid urbanization is the defect of this development, accompanied by burly disturbance in planning that municipalities across the country be facing many problems. All of these challenges have put pressure on governance and infrastructure planning to shift the quality of life in cities. Can notice that urban development not only reflected in the growth rate but also harmony in all aspects, the urban development process accordingly must be handle by smart solutions. Smart city evolution is becoming a trend not only in mega-urban areas but also spread to many medium-sized cities in Vietnam. There is quite a lot of discussion on smart cities at an essential period, in particular, smart technology from the perspective of traditional urban policy. However, the ways of development focused on technology aspects have criticized because of removing different levels of elements surrounding smart cities. When the government does not consider the various factors in the implementation of smart policy, it may not effectively provide quality services to citizens, because smart cities are not only concerned with technical factors, but also the intricate surroundings. As an end-user of public services, carrying out interactions between the physical system and human, stakeholders must also contribute ideas for policy-making processes and co-create successful city solutions. Establishing the role of stakeholders in smart city development journey has identified as the main challenge for all cities around the world. Prompt stakeholder participation in all steps, which can help regulators effectively collect and analyze data thence right decision making in smart city development process. Thus, the purpose of this thesis conducts scientific research on smart city development, providing integrated guidelines about the smart city development readiness for medium-sized cities in Vietnam by the stakeholder approach. The thesis begins with a review of documents related to the strategy for developing smart cities and estimate research factors. In this process, the study examines uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process to conduct ranking of factors. The result shows that a top priority of internal factors is citizen participation (0.4141) then administration (0.3625), infrastructure (0.2234). External factors took the order of political will (0.5093), stakeholders (0.3373), and the technology era (0.1535). The thesis continues to present survey results in three medium-sized cities in Vietnam including Da Lat, Nha Trang, and Bac Ninh. The study based on linear Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) conducted to identify factors that influence smart city development readiness (adjusted R2=0.589) . The result shows that there are three main factors affecting the readiness to develop a smart city including; Technological Readiness, Organizational Readiness, and Environmental Readiness. In particular, Organizational Readiness has the strongest impact on Smart City Development Readiness (β coefficient = 0.415; t-value = 8.960; p = 0.000). Finally, the thesis concludes with comprises the integrated framework of effective strategic guidelines, managerial, and operational principles that characterize successful smart city development from the foundation stage for Vietnam medium-sized cities.Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Overview 1 1.2 Purpose of the Research 6 1.3 Contribution of the Research 7 1.4 Research Outline 8 Chapter 2. Literature Review 11 2.1 Smart City 11 2.1.1 The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Smart City Emergence 11 2.1.2 Smart City Definitions 13 2.1.3 Smart City Paradigms 17 2.2 Vietnam Smart City Development Context 19 2.3 The foundation of smart city development components 21 2.3.1 Internal Factors 21 2.3.1.1 Citizen Participation 21 2.3.1.2 Administration 23 2.3.1.3 Infrastructure 25 2.3.2 External Factors 28 2.3.2.1 Political Will 28 2.3.2.2 Stakeholder 29 2.3.2.3 Technology Era 31 2.4 Stakeholder Approach to Smart City Development 33 2.5 Existing Stakeholder Study and Lesson Learned 35 2.6 Conclusion 39 Chapter 3. Determinant Factors in Smart City Development 41 3.1 Methodology 41 3.1.1 Model approach 41 3.1.2 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method research 43 3.1.3 Experts Evaluation Synthesis 47 3.1.4 Data Collection 47 3.2 Estimation of Results 50 3.2.1 Synthesis of Priorities 50 3.2.2 The Relative Importance and Priority of Primary Layer 55 3.2.3 The Relative Importance and Priority of Secondary Layer 58 3.3 Conclusion 61 Chapter 4. Study on the Role of Stakeholder Approach for Sustainable Smart City Development 63 4.1 Hypotheses Development 63 4.1.1 Smart City Development Readiness 63 4.1.2 Technological Readiness 64 4.1.3 Organizational Readiness 66 4.1.4 Environmental Readiness 68 4.2 Methodology 71 4.2.1 Model 71 4.2.2 Preliminary Research 73 4.2.3 Primary Research 76 4.2.3.1 Survey Approach 76 4.2.3.2 Survey questionnaire 78 4.2.3.3 Data Collecting 79 4.2.3.4 Distribution of Respondents 80 4.3 Estimation of Results 83 4.3.1 Measurement Model 83 4.3.1.1 Cronbach’s Alpha Test 83 4.3.1.2 Confirmatory Factor Analysis 85 4.3.2 Structural Model 89 4.3.2.1 Measurement structural 89 4.3.2.2 Bootstrapping Test 91 4.3.2.3 Hypothesis Testing 93 4.4 Conclusion 97 Chapter 5. Discussion & Conclusion 99 5.1 Discussion and Implication 99 5.1.1 Discussion 99 5.1.2 Implication 108 5.2 Conclusion 120 5.3 Limitation and Future Work 122 References 123 국문 요약 152 Appendix A: Survey Questionnaire for AHP 154 Appendix B: Survey Questionnaire for smart city development readiness: Stakeholder approach 160 Appendix C: Discriminant Validity & Variance inflation factor 163Docto

Assessing Organizational Readiness for Data-driven Innovation: A Review of Literature

The growing demand for data has provided many opportunities for organizations to launch data-driven innovation (DDI) initiatives. DDI enables organizations to continuously respond to market opportunities and challenges and thereby sustain competitive advantage. However, many organizations fail in their attempt to implement DDI due to poor organizational readiness. This study investigates key factors that assist organizations in assessing their readiness for DDI. An extensive examination of literature was performed to identify readiness factors. The results highlighted nine organizational readiness factors for DDI based on the theoretical foundations of Technology-Organization and Environment framework and organizational readiness theory. The findings of this study contribute to the growing body of DDI literature and provide insights for organizations interested in implementing DDI initiatives

Employee perceptions on adoption of an intelligent Port terminal : a case study of Durban Port terminals.

Masters Degree. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.The global financial crisis of 2007–2008, which caused a decline in economic activities leading to the 2008–2012 global recession, has led to the need for performance improvement techniques and effective cost reduction mechanisms to be implemented in operating port terminals. Ports in Durban have to come up with effective ways of revamping their operations and adoption of an intelligent port terminal is an alternative. This study seeks to determine the challenges and limitations experienced with the current technology used for port terminal operations in Durban and the influence of technological, organizational and environmental factors on the adoption of an intelligent port terminal at ports in Durban. The findings from this will enable port terminals, which are planning to adopt an intelligent port to be aware of factors to be considered before embarking on the project. The TOE theory was used in this study as it includes the environmental aspect, which is not covered by other technology adoption theories. The proposed research seeks to obtain appropriate study conclusions by adopting a quantitative research. Non probability sampling was used to select the suitable employees from port terminals in Durban to participate in this study. A questionnaire was used as an instrument to collect data, which was analysed with statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS). The analytical tests carried out on the data include reliability and validity test, statistical tests; descriptive statistics (frequency distributions, mean and Standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test, Regression analysis, and the one sample t-test). The study revealed that adequate technology needs to be acquired and emphasis should be on the compatibility and complexity of the technology as they have the biggest influence on the adoption of an intelligent port in Durban. Communication with stakeholders and IT skills retention are the most important organisational factors and customer readiness is the important aspect on environmental factors, which influence the adoption on an intelligent port terminal

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ADOPTION OF ELECTRONIC BUSINESS IN SAUDI ARABIA USING THE TECHNOLOGY-ORGANIZATION- ENVIRONMENT FRAMEWORK

Despite the proliferation of e-business adoption by organisations and the world-wide growth of the e-business phenomenon, there is a paucity of empirical studies that examine the adoption of e-business in the Middle East. The aim of our study is to provide insights into the salient e-business adoption issues by focusing on Saudi Arabian businesses. We developed a conceptual model for electronic business (e-business) adoption incorporating ten factors based on the technology-organization-environment framework. Survey data from 550 businesses were used to test the model and hypotheses. We conducted confirmatory factor analysis to assess the reliability and validity of constructs. The findings of the study suggest that firm technology competence, size, top management Support, technology orientation, consumer readiness, trading partner readiness and regulatory support are important antecedents of e-business adoption and utilisation. In addition, the study finds that, competitive pressure and organisational customer and competitor orientation is not a predictor for e-business adoption and utilisation. The implications of the findings are discussed and suggestions for future inquiry are presented

Rural smartness: Its determinants and impacts on rural economic welfare

Mukti, I. Y., Henseler, J., Aldea, A., Govindaraju, R., & Iacob, M. E. (2022). Rural smartness: Its determinants and impacts on rural economic welfare. Electronic Markets. [Advanced online article at 9 March 2022]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-022-00526-2 ---------------------------- Funding Information: This research was carried out with the financial support of the Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP) with grant number S-297/LPDP.3/2019, and supported by the Office of Communication and Information of West Java Province (Diskominfo Jabar) and Jabar Digital Service (JDS), Indonesia. In addition, we gratefully thanks to the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on the previous version of this manuscript.Solving urbanization problems, especially in developing countries, solely through the adoption of smartness in urban areas is insufficient as urbanization is mostly driven by the wide urban-rural economic gap. To narrow this gap, the adoption of smartness needs to be extended into rural areas. However, studies in that direction are still lacking. Therefore, we developed a theoretical model that explains the determinants of rural smartness and its subsequent consequences on rural economic welfare. We validated the model with survey data from 179 villages in West Java Province, Indonesia. The results suggest that rural smartness is determined by the interplay of organizational, environmental, and technological readiness, and has a strong positive impact on innovativeness which, in turn, improves the competitiveness of the rural business ecosystem. This model can serve as a reference for further studies of rural smartness and as the foundation for the design of information platforms supporting it.publishersversionepub_ahead_of_prin

Hinders of Cloud Computing Usage in Higher Education in Iraq: A Model Development

Cloud computing (CC) is a trendy technology that is being used in business and daily life. However, limited studies is found on higher education usage. The barriers and obstacles that confront the usage is not clear and in particular in developing countries. The purpose of this study is to examine the barriers and obstacle that confront the usage CC services in Barash University in Iraq. Using the technology organization environment framework and the internal external factor (IE-TOE), the study proposed the conceptual framework. The data was collected from academic, non-academic staff and students using convivence sampling technique. The data was analyzed using Smart PLS. The findings showed that organizational obstacle followed by technological, internal and external factors, and environmental factors are the most severe obstacles that confront the university in using CC services. Decision makers can benefit from the developed model to ease the implementation of CC