Energy efficient chain based routing protocol for deterministic node deployment in wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of small sensor devices, which are connected wirelessly for sensing and delivering specific data to Base Station (BS). Routing protocols in WSN becomes an active area for both researchers and industrial, due to its responsibility for delivering data, extending network lifetime, reducing the delay and saving the node’s energy. According to hierarchical approach, chain base routing protocol is a promising type that can prolong the network lifetime and decrease the energy consumption. However, it is still suffering from long/single chain impacts such as delay, data redundancy, distance between the neighbors, chain head (CH) energy consumption and bottleneck. This research proposes a Deterministic Chain-Based Routing Protocol (DCBRP) for uniform nodes deployment, which consists of Backbone Construction Mechanism (BCM), Chain Heads Selection mechanism (CHS) and Next Hop Connection mechanism (NHC). BCM is responsible for chain construction by using multi chain concept, so it will divide the network to specific number of clusters depending on the number of columns. While, CHS is answerable on the number of chain heads and CH nodes selection based on their ability for data delivery. On the other hand, NHC is responsible for next hop connection in each row based on the energy and distance between the nodes to eliminate the weak nodes to be in the main chain. Network Simulator 3 (ns-3) is used to simulate DCBRP and it is evaluated with the closest routing protocols in the deterministic deployment in WSN, which are Chain-Cluster Mixed protocol (CCM) and Two Stage Chain based Protocol (TSCP). The results show that DCBRP outperforms CCM and TSCP in terms of end to end delay, CH energy consumption, overall energy consumption, network lifetime and energy*delay metrics. DCBRP or one of its mechanisms helps WSN applications by extending the sensor nodes lifetime and saving the energy for sensing purposes as long as possible

Applications of molecular communications to medicine: A survey

In recent years, progresses in nanotechnology have established the foundations for implementing nanomachines capable of carrying out simple but significant tasks. Under this stimulus, researchers have been proposing various solutions for realizing nanoscale communications, considering both electromagnetic and biological communications. Their aim is to extend the capabilities of nanodevices, so as to enable the execution of more complex tasks by means of mutual coordination, achievable through communications. However, although most of these proposals show how devices can communicate at the nanoscales, they leave in the background specific applications of these new technologies. Thus, this paper shows an overview of the actual and potential applications that can rely on a specific class of such communications techniques, commonly referred to as molecular communications. In particular, we focus on health-related applications. This decision is due to the rapidly increasing interests of research communities and companies to minimally invasive, biocompatible, and targeted health-care solutions. Molecular communication techniques have actually the potentials of becoming the main technology for implementing advanced medical solution. Hence, in this paper we provide a taxonomy of potential applications, illustrate them in some detail, along with the existing open challenges for them to be actually deployed, and draw future perspectives