196 research outputs found
Interpretation and Regulation of Electronic Defects in IGZO TFTs Through Materials & Processes
The recent rise in the market for consumer electronics has fueled extensive research in the field of display. Thin-Film Transistors (TFTs) are used as active matrix switching devices for flat panel displays such as LCD and OLED. The following investigation involves an amorphous metal-oxide semiconductor that has the potential for improved performance over current technology, while maintaining high manufacturability. Indium-Gallium-Zinc-Oxide (IGZO) is a semiconductor material which is at the onset of commercialization. The low-temperature large-area deposition compatibility of IGZO makes it an attractive technology from a manufacturing standpoint, with an electron mobility that is 10 times higher than current amorphous silicon technology. The stability of IGZO TFTs continues to be a challenge due to the presence of defect states and problems associated with interface passivation.
The goal of this dissertation is to further the understanding of the role of defect states in IGZO, and investigate materials and processes needed to regulate defects to the level at which the associated influence on device operation is controlled. The relationships between processes associated with IGZO TFT operation including IGZO sputter deposition, annealing conditions and back-channel passivation are established through process experimentation, materials analysis, electrical characterization, and modeling of electronic properties and transistor behavior. Each of these components has been essential in formulating and testing several hypotheses on the mechanisms involved, and directing efforts towards achieving the goal. Key accomplishments and quantified results are summarized as follows:
• XPS analysis identified differences in oxygen vacancies in samples before and after oxidizing ambient annealing at 400 °C, showing a drop in relative integrated area of the O 1s peak from 32% to 19%, which experimentally translates to over a thousand fold decrease in the channel free electron concentration.
• Transport behavior at cryogenic temperatures identified variable range hopping as the electron transport mechanism at temperature below 130 K, whereas at temperature greater than 130 K, the current vs temperature response followed an Arrhenius relationship consistent with extended state transport.
• Refinement of an IGZO material model for TCAD simulation, which consists of oxygen vacancy donors providing an integrated space charge concentration NVO = +5e15 cm-3, and acceptor-like band-tail states with a total integrated ionized concentration of NTA = -2e18 cm-3. An intrinsic electron mobility was established to be Un = 12.7 cm2/V∙s.
• A SPICE-compatible 2D on-state operation model for IGZO TFTs has been developed which includes the integration of drain-impressed deionization of band-tail states and results in a 2D modification of free channel charge. The model provides an exceptional match to measured data and TCAD simulation, with model parameters for channel mobility (Uch = 12 cm2/V∙s) and threshold voltage (VT = 0.14 V) having a close match to TCAD analogs.
• TCAD material and device models for bottom-gate and double-gate TFT configurations have been developed which depict the role of defect states on device operation, as well as provide insight and support of a presented hypothesis on DIBL like device behavior associated with back-channel interface trap inhomogeneity. This phenomenon has been named Trap Associated Barrier Lowering (TABL).
• A process integration scheme has been developed that includes IGZO back-channel passivation with PECVD SiO2, furnace annealing in O2 at 400 °C, and a thin capping layer of alumina deposited via atomic layer deposition. This process supports device stability when subjected to negative and positive bias stress conditions, and thermal stability up to 140 °C. It also enables TFT operation at short channel lengths (Leff ~ 3 µm) with steep subthreshold characteristics (SS ~ 120 mV/dec).
The details of these contributions in the interpretation and regulation of electronic defect states in IGZO TFTs is presented, along with the support of device characteristics that are among the best reported in the literature. Additional material on a complementary technology which utilizes flash-lamp annealing of amorphous silicon will also be described. Flash-Lamp Annealed Polycrystalline Silicon (FLAPS) has realized n-channel and p-channel TFTs with promising results, and may provide an option for future applications with the highest performance demands. IGZO is rapidly emerging as the candidate to replace a-Si:H and address the performance needs of display products produced by large panel manufacturing
Indium-Gallium-Zinc Oxide Thin-Film Transistors for Active-Matrix Flat-Panel Displays
Amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOSs) including amorphous InGaZnO (a-IGZO) areexpected to be used as the thin-film semiconducting materials for TFTs in the next-generation ultra-high definition (UHD) active-matrix flat-panel displays (AM-FPDs). a-IGZO TFTs satisfy almost all the requirements for organic light-emitting-diode displays (OLEDs), large and fast liquid crystal displays (LCDs) as well as three-dimensional (3D) displays, which cannot be satisfied using conventional amorphous silicon (a-Si) or polysilicon (poly-Si) TFTs. In particular, a-IGZO TFTs satisfy two significant requirements of the backplane technology: high field-effect mobility and large-area uniformity.In this work, a robust process for fabrication of bottom-gate and top-gate a-IGZO TFTs is presented. An analytical drain current model for a-IGZO TFTs is proposed and its validation is demonstrated through experimental results. The instability mechanisms in a-IGZO TFTs under high current stress is investigated through low-frequency noise measurements. For the first time, the effect of engineered glass surface on the performance and reliability of bottom-gate a-IGZO TFTs is reported. The effect of source and drain metal contacts on electrical properties of a-IGZO TFTs including their effective channel lengths is studied. In particular, a-IGZO TFTs with Molybdenum versus Titanium source and drain electrodes are investigated. Finally, the potential of aluminum substrates for use in flexible display applications is demonstrated by fabrication of high performance a-IGZO TFTs on aluminum substrates and investigation of their stability under high current electrical stress as well as tensile and compressive strain
High-performance Zinc Oxide Thin-Film Transistors For Large Area Electronics
The increasing demand for high performance electronics that can be
fabricated onto large area substrates employing low manufacturing cost techniques
in recent years has fuelled the development of novel semiconductor materials such
as organics and metal oxides, with tailored physical characteristics that are absent
in their traditional inorganic counterparts such as silicon. Metal oxide
semiconductors, in particular, are highly attractive for implementation into thin-film
transistors because of their high charge carrier mobility, optical transparency,
excellent chemical stability, mechanical stress tolerance and processing versatility.
This thesis focuses on the development of high performance transistors
based on zinc oxide (ZnO) semiconducting films grown by spray pyrolysis (SP), a
low cost and highly scalable method that has never been used before for the
manufacturing of oxide-based thin-film transistors. The physical properties of as-grown
ZnO films have been studied using a range of techniques. Despite the
simplicity of SP, as-fabricated transistors exhibit electrical characteristics
comparable to those obtained from ZnO devices produced using highly
sophisticated deposition processes. In particular, electron mobility up to 25 cm2/Vs
has been achieved in transistors based on pristine ZnO films grown at 400 °C onto
Si/SiO2 substrates utilising aluminium source-drain (S-D) electrodes. A strong
dependence of the saturation mobility on the work function of S-D electrodes and
the transistor channel length (L) has been established. Short channel transistors are
found to exhibit improved performance as compared to long channel ones. This
was attributed to grain boundary effects that tend to dominate charge transport in
devices with L < 40 μm.
High mobility, low operating voltage (<1.5 V) ZnO transistors have also
been developed and characterised. This was achieved through the combination of
SP, for the deposition of ZnO, and thermally stable solution-processed self-assembling
monolayer gate dielectrics.
Detailed study of the temperature dependence of the operating
characteristics of ZnO transistors revealed a thermally activated electron transport
process that was described by invoking the multiple trapping and release model.
Importantly, ZnO transistors fabricated by SP are found to exhibit highly stable
operating characteristics with a shelf lifetime of several months. The simple SPbased
fabrication paradigm demonstrated in this thesis expands the possibilities for
the development of advanced simple as well as multi-component oxide
semiconductors far beyond those accessible by traditional deposition methods such
as sputtering. Furthermore, it offers unprecedented processing scalability hence
making it attractive for the manufacturing of future ubiquitous oxide electronics
Recent Advances in Thin Film Electronic Devices
This reprint is a collection of the papers from the Special Issue “Recent Advances in Thin Film Electronic Devices” in Micromachines. In this reprrint, 1 editorial and 11 original papers about recent advances in the research and development of thin film electronic devices are included. Specifically, three research fields are covered: device fundamentals (5 papers), fabrication processes (5 papers), and testing methods (1 paper). The experimental data, simulation results, and theoretical analysis presented in this reprint should benefit those researchers in flat panel displays, flat panel sensors, energy devices, memories, and so on
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Development of oxide semiconductors : materials, devices, and integration
The aim of this dissertation is to develop oxide semiconductors by radio-frequency
sputtering for thin-film transistor (TFT) applications. A variety of oxide semiconductors
are used as the TFT channel layer, including indium gallium oxide (IGO), zinc tin
oxide (ZTO), and indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO). The variety of materials used underscores
the abundance of materials options available within this nascent technology,
with each material exhibiting unique chemical, mechanical, and electrical properties. The
influence of several deposition parameters is explored; oxygen partial pressure of the deposition
ambient is found to have a profound effect on the electrical characteristics of
each material. With optimized deposition conditions, TFTs based on these materials exhibit
excellent electrical properties, even when annealed at low-temperature (175 °C).
Specifically, ZTO-based TFTs which are subjected to a 175 °C post-deposition anneal
exhibit a channel mobility near 9 cm²V⁻¹s⁻¹. However, advancement of this technology
also requires research in integration-related issues. Therefore, the effect of channel
layer passivation and of TFT stability is evaluated. Passivation of the oxide semiconductor
surface is required for circuits which employ multiple levels of interconnect and for
mechanical/chemical protection of devices. Here, successful passivation of IGO, ZTO,
and IGZO-based TFTs is demonstrated using SU-8, a negative tone epoxy-based photoresist. To appraise TFT stability, a constant voltage bias stress test of 1000 minutes is utilized, where the drain current, ID, is monitored throughout the duration of testing and the turn-on voltage, Von, is evaluated before and after stressing. TFT stability is found to be correlated to the turn-on voltage of a device and to the thickness of the semiconductor
layer. IGZO-based TFTs with excellent stability are demonstrated, exhibiting almost no decrease in ID or any shift in Von throughout the duration of bias stress testing
Investigation of Hysteresis, Off-Current, and Instability in In-Ga-Zn Oxide Thin Film Transistors Under UV Light Irradiation
학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 전기·컴퓨터공학부, 2013. 8. 한민구.Amorphous oxide-based thin film transistors (TFTs), for instance, amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) TFTs, are expected to meet emerging technological demands where conventional silicon-based TFTs confront with the limitation of the electrical performance such as field-effect mobility, uniformity, and process temperature. However, the variation of characteristics and the stability in IGZO TFTs under light illumination still needs to be verified for further application. In this thesis, the characteristics and reliability of IGZO TFTs under light illumination were investigated. Furthermore, the effect of mechanical bending on flexible IGZO TFTs was analyzed for flexible displays.
First, the effects of light on initial characteristics of IGZO TFTs were studied. Under illuminated condition, significant hysteresis and off-current (Ioff) were observed due to the creation of donor-like interface states near conduction band energy level arising from ionized oxygen vacancy (Vo2+). From hysteresis, the response time (~10^0 s) of Vo2+ at the interface was obtained, which is important parameter for analyzing hysteresis. On the contrary to conventional mechanism of photo-current, the change in Ioff increased with increasing light intensity. The increase of Ioff occurs because Vo2+ at the interface prevents carrier depletion with Fermi-level pinning.
Second, the reliability of IGZO TFTs under the conditions combined with negative gate bias stress and light illumination were investigated. Under illumination, negative shift of threshold voltage (Vth) is accelerated by the photo-induced holes and Vo2+. In TFTs featuring passivation layer, a long characteristic time (~10^2 s) for Vo2+ generation in IGZO bulk was extracted. It was also found that the charge trapping probability of single carrier did not change.
Finally, the reliability of flexible IGZO TFTs was analyzed when the bending radius was 10 mm, 4 mm, and 2 mm. The device characteristics were hardly changed under mechanical strain unless the gate bias stress was applied. However, Vth shift was increased by mechanical strain under the gate bias stress due to valence band energy level shift.Abstract i
Contents iv
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Recent flat panel display 1
1.2 Dissertation Organization 8
Chapter 2 Review of IGZO TFTs 9
2.1 Oxide semiconductor for TFT application 10
2.2 Reliability of IGZO TFTs 17
2.3 Passivation layer in IGZO TFTs 24
Chapter 3 Effect of light on initial characteristics of IGZO TFTs 27
3.1 Experiment 29
3.2 Electrical Characteristics of IGZO TFT under light illumination 33
3.3 Conclusion 58
Chapter 4 Effect of UV light on reliability of IGZO TFTs 61
4.1 Reliability of IGZO TFTs depending on gate insulator layer 63
4.2 IGZO TFT with SiO2 gate insulator layer 67
4.3 IGZO TFT with SiNx gate insulator layer 81
4.4 Conclusion 96
Chapter 5 Characteristics of IGZO TFT on Flexible Substrate 99
5.1 Overview of flexible TFT 100
5.2 Fabrication and Experiment of Flexible IGZO TFT
107
5.3 The effect of mechanical bending on electrical characteristics of Flexible IGZO TFT 112
5.4 The effect of mechanical bending on stability of Flexible IGZO TFT 119
5.5 The effect of light on flexible IGZO TFTs 131
5.6 Conclusion 136
Chapter 6 Summary 139
Appendix A Design and Fabrication of Simultaneous Emission AMOLED Pixel Circuit 143
Bibliography 165
초 록 177Docto
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