657,220 research outputs found
Ships Observing Marine Climate: a catalogue of the VOS participating in the VSOP-NA
Our present knowledge of the marine climate, as represented by data sets such as COADS (Woodruff et al., 1987), is based on meteorological observations from the Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS). Because the VOS are merchant ships, rather than specially designed meteorological platforms, errors and biases exist in the data. However there is little information readily available to the climatologist either on the nature of the VOS fleet or on the observing practises which are used. This report, describing the forty-six ships that participated in the Voluntary Observing Ships' Special Observing Project - North Atlantic (VSOP-NA), therefore serves two purposes:(i) it provides a reference document to aid analysis of the VSOP-NA data set,(ii) it gives a detailed description of a subset of the VOS, which will be of value in the interpretation of marine climate data sets.This report is in two parts, Part 1 is an overall summary of the ship characteristics, Part 2 is a ship by ship description. The next section will briefly describe the VSOP-NA project, followed by a summary of the characteristics of the VSOP-NA ships (Section 3). Since these ships were specially selected (Section 2.2), the degree to which they are representative of the whole VOS fleet will be carefully considered. The meteorological instrumentation used by the VOS varies depending on which meteorological agency recruited the ships. That used on the chosen VSOP-NA ships is typical of VOS recruited by the countries bordering the North Atlantic, and will be described in Section 4. Section 5 is a summary of Part 1 of the report.Part 2 presents the VSOP-NA ship catalogue. This includes, for each ship, diagrams of the layout (indicating in particular the exposure of the sensors), a summary of the geographical positions at which observations were obtained, and details of the instrumentation used.<br/
Atlas of solar hidden photon emission
Hidden photons, gauge bosons of a U(1) symmetry of a hidden sector, can
constitute the dark matter of the universe and a smoking gun for large volume
compactifications of string theory. In the sub-eV mass range, a possible
discovery experiment consists on searching the copious flux of these particles
emitted from the Sun in a helioscope setup \`a la Sikivie. In this paper, we
compute the flux of transversely polarised HPs from the Sun, a necessary
ingredient for interpreting such experiments. We provide a detailed exposition
of photon-HP oscillations in inhomogenous media, with special focus on
resonance oscillations, which play a leading role in many cases. The region of
the Sun emitting HPs resonantly is a thin spherical shell for which we justify
an averaged-emission formula and which implies a distinctive morphology of the
angular distribution of HPs on Earth in many cases. Low mass HPs with energies
in the visible and IR have resonances very close to the photosphere where the
solar plasma is not fully ionised and requires building a detailed model of
solar refraction and absorption. We present results for a broad range of HP
masses (from 0-1 keV) and energies (from the IR to the X-ray range), the most
complete atlas of solar HP emission to date.Comment: 45 pages, 18 figure
The complex network of global cargo ship movements
Transportation networks play a crucial role in human mobility, the exchange
of goods, and the spread of invasive species. With 90% of world trade carried
by sea, the global network of merchant ships provides one of the most important
modes of transportation. Here we use information about the itineraries of
16,363 cargo ships during the year 2007 to construct a network of links between
ports. We show that the network has several features which set it apart from
other transportation networks. In particular, most ships can be classified in
three categories: bulk dry carriers, container ships and oil tankers. These
three categories do not only differ in the ships' physical characteristics, but
also in their mobility patterns and networks. Container ships follow regularly
repeating paths whereas bulk dry carriers and oil tankers move less predictably
between ports. The network of all ship movements possesses a heavy-tailed
distribution for the connectivity of ports and for the loads transported on the
links with systematic differences between ship types. The data analyzed in this
paper improve current assumptions based on gravity models of ship movements, an
important step towards understanding patterns of global trade and bioinvasion.Comment: 7 figures Accepted for publication by Journal of the Royal Society
Interface (2010) For supplementary information, see
http://www.icbm.de/~blasius/publications.htm
Resizing study of main and auxiliary engines of the container vessels and their contribution to the reduction of fuel consumption and GHG
ABSTRACT: The maritime industry has great potential for improving energy efficiency in both new builds and existing ships. It is, therefore, necessary to identify the areas where improvements can be made to reduce fuel consumption, and influence to the shipowners, shipyards and designers of ships on the need to implement these improvements in energetic efficiency and to achieve a reduction of between 25% and 75% of CO2 emissions as Third IMO GHG study 2014 provides, making ships even more environmentally friendly.Postprint (published version
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Merchant ship 'conversion' in warfare, The Falklands (Malvinas) and the requisition of the QE2
In May 1982, the British government requisitioned numerous private vessels, including the transatlantic liner the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2, for use during the Falklands (Malvinas) War. In taking up ships from trade, the rules contained in the 1907 Hague Convention VII relating to the conversion of merchant ships into warships afforded some guidance to Britain. This article reviews the development of the use made by governments of private ships during wartime, the need for Hague Convention VII, and the relevance of that Convention to the British requisition exercise undertaken in 1982
Modeling pedestrian evacuation movement in a swaying ship
With the advance in living standard, cruise travel has been rapidly expanding
around the world in recent years. The transportation of passengers in water has
also made a rapid development. It is expected that ships will be more and more
widely used. Unfortunately, ship disasters occurred in these years caused
serious losses. It raised the concern on effectiveness of passenger evacuation
on ships. The present study thus focuses on pedestrian evacuation features on
ships. On ships, passenger movements are affected by the periodical water
motion and thus are quite different from the characteristic when walking on
static horizontal floor. Taking into consideration of this special feature, an
agent-based pedestrian model is formulized and the effect of ship swaying on
pedestrian evacuation efficiency is investigated. Results indicated that the
proposed model can be used to quantify the special evacuation process on ships.Comment: Traffic and Granular Flow'15, At Delft, the Netherland
Fish and Ships
Article and Interview about Esther Johnson's research project 'Ships in the Sky'. The publication includes a centre poster illustrated by Jake Machen which draws on Johnson's research timeline of the life of Hull's former Cooperative Society and later BHS building. Further information on the research can be found here: http://shipsinthesky.weebly.co
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An assessment of the sportfishery on artificial "Liberty Ship" reefs off Port Aransas, Texas
The concept of using surplus World War II Liberty Ships for the construction of artificial reefs to increase the availability of sportfish off the Texas coast was originally suggested in 1974. It became a reality, under the guidance of the Texas Coastal and Marine Council, when three ships were sunk off Port Aransas in the winter of 1976. Since that time, the ships have rapidly become encrusted with algae, anemones, sea urchins, gorgonian coral and other attached marine life. These in turn have provided refuge and food source for a host of small invertebrates and fishes. In June of 1977, one and a half years after ·sinking the first ship, the Texas Coastal and Marine Council commissioned this study to evaluate the impact of the Liberty Ship reefs on sportfishing in the Port Aransas area. For a project such as the Liberty Ship reefs to be successful, there are two criteria: the ships must increase the supply of desirable sportfish and fishermen must be willing to utilize the new resource. The present study is an attempt to evaluate both aspects of the project. A user survey was conducted to determine the amount and type of recreational usage the Liberty Ships receive.A report to the Texas Coastal and Marine Council in fulfillment of Contract No. IAC(76-77)-2149Submitted September 1977Marine Scienc
The burning of ships as a sanitary measure two hundred years ago in Malta
Woven throughout Maltese medical history is the constant struggle against the possibility of an invasion of the Maltese Islands by pestilence introduced by plague-infected ships. This is an account of the case histories of three plague-infected ships that came to Malta in the late eighteenth century and were destroyed by burning to eradicate the "contagion" on board.peer-reviewe
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