REVERSAL OF POLICY: THE DEPARTMENTS OF STATE AND DEFENSE, AND THE ARMING OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, 1946-1955

Between 1946 and 1950, the U.S. State Department repeatedly expressed its determination to keep Germany disarmed and demilitarized and offered pledges regarding the extended presence of U.S. troops in Western Europe. At the same time, and initially unbeknownst to the State Department, the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff were making plans to arm Germany in response to the growing Soviet threat to Western Europe. In September 1950, in reaction to the communist invasion of South Korea that had prompted fears the same would happen in Germany, the United States decided to arm the Federal Republic of Germany. Although coupled with a pledge to increase the number of U.S. troops in Europe, the U.S. decision resulted in a number of unintended consequences including a Congressional challenge to Presidential power, opposition by and discord among U.S. Allies, loss of control over the rearmament process, and the establishment of a new set of relations with its erstwhile enemy. While the actual outcome of that 1950 decision was positive, i.e., the arming of the Federal Republic of Germany was approved, the creation of a national German army was not what official U.S. policy had intended

On Media, On Technology, On Life - Interviews with Innovators

The book 'On Media, On Technology, On Life: Interviews with Innovators' features thirteen artist-researchers whose artworks reconfigure the relationships between living bodies, microorganisms, tools, techniques, and institutions to ask new questions of life itself. When encountered for the first time, these are works that seem to challenge a conventional understanding of what artists and scientists do. Through the words of the artists themselves, these interviews explore what it means to spearhead innovative new partnerships able to create work that takes on a life of its own. By posing new questions at the interface between media, technology, and life, the book explores themes such as the life of multi-species bodies, the future of food security in the age of biotechnology, the microbial lives of historic archives, and the biohacker communities of the future. Together, they reveal how we are all actors in this theatre of life innovation

On Media, On Technology, On Life - Interviews with Innovators

The book 'On Media, On Technology, On Life: Interviews with Innovators' features thirteen artist-researchers whose artworks reconfigure the relationships between living bodies, microorganisms, tools, techniques, and institutions to ask new questions of life itself. When encountered for the first time, these are works that seem to challenge a conventional understanding of what artists and scientists do. Through the words of the artists themselves, these interviews explore what it means to spearhead innovative new partnerships able to create work that takes on a life of its own. By posing new questions at the interface between media, technology, and life, the book explores themes such as the life of multi-species bodies, the future of food security in the age of biotechnology, the microbial lives of historic archives, and the biohacker communities of the future. Together, they reveal how we are all actors in this theatre of life innovation

Peripheral Neuropathy

Understanding the rapid changes in the evaluation and management of peripheral neuropathies, as well as the complexity of their mechanism, is a mandatory requirement for the practitioner to optimize patient's care. The objective of this book is to update health care professionals on recent advances in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of peripheral neuropathy. This work was written by a group of clinicians and scientists with large expertise in the field

The Truman Administration and Non-use of the Atomic Bomb During the Korean War, June 1950 to January 1953

This thesis examines the Truman administration's non-use of nuclear weapons during the Korean War, June 1950 to January 1953. It investigates the entirety of the Truman administration's experience of the Korean War, rather than focusing on certain key periods. By examining official documentation, memoirs, newspaper reports, and information about public opinion, this thesis explains why the Truman administration chose not to utilise the atomic arsenal. It examines the opinions and influence of significant decision makers such as President Harry S. Truman, Secretary of State Dean Acheson, and Director of the Policy Planning Staff Paul H. Nitze. Truman, as president and ultimate decision maker, will be paid special attention, not least on account of his unique experience of having ordered the atomic attacks on Japan in 1945. This thesis also looks into the position of high-ranking military officers, such as General Omar N. Bradley, General Hoyt S. Vandenberg, and General Matthew B. Ridgway. In order to explain non-use, this thesis also investigates the influence of foreign allies and foreign opinion, particularly that expressed by the United Kingdom, the United States' most important ally. The role of public opinion within the United States is also considered. By examining in detail all of these factors and building a composite picture of the forces acting upon the administration, this thesis provides a more rounded and nuanced view of non-use by the Truman administration during the Korean War than that offered by the existing scholarship. It demonstrates that non-use was always a complex and problematic matter

The Truman Administration and Non-use of the Atomic Bomb During the Korean War, June 1950 to January 1953

This thesis examines the Truman administration's non-use of nuclear weapons during the Korean War, June 1950 to January 1953. It investigates the entirety of the Truman administration's experience of the Korean War, rather than focusing on certain key periods. By examining official documentation, memoirs, newspaper reports, and information about public opinion, this thesis explains why the Truman administration chose not to utilise the atomic arsenal. It examines the opinions and influence of significant decision makers such as President Harry S. Truman, Secretary of State Dean Acheson, and Director of the Policy Planning Staff Paul H. Nitze. Truman, as president and ultimate decision maker, will be paid special attention, not least on account of his unique experience of having ordered the atomic attacks on Japan in 1945. This thesis also looks into the position of high-ranking military officers, such as General Omar N. Bradley, General Hoyt S. Vandenberg, and General Matthew B. Ridgway. In order to explain non-use, this thesis also investigates the influence of foreign allies and foreign opinion, particularly that expressed by the United Kingdom, the United States' most important ally. The role of public opinion within the United States is also considered. By examining in detail all of these factors and building a composite picture of the forces acting upon the administration, this thesis provides a more rounded and nuanced view of non-use by the Truman administration during the Korean War than that offered by the existing scholarship. It demonstrates that non-use was always a complex and problematic matter

Self-esteem and Social Media Dependency: A Comparative Analysis of Welsh- and English-Medium Pupils’ Perceptions

Despite not being officially recognized as an addiction, studies suggest social media dependency [SMD] retains similar traits as substance-based addictions and that adolescents are a group particularly at risk. Studies have shown significant positive correlations between SMD and depression, loneliness, and social anxiety. SMD has also shown a significant negative association with self-esteem. Research has yet to explore these relationships within a minority versus majority language comparative context, which is the objective of the thesis. The thesis used cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses (three equally-spaced timepoints over nine-months) incorporating quantitative and qualitative designs. There were 1,709 participants (Welsh/Bilingual-medium schools = 844; English-medium schools = 865) aged 12- to 15-years with a mean age of 13.61 years (standard deviation ±.933). All schools were State-maintained and located within Wales. At timepoint one, five Welsh/Bilingual- and four English-medium schools took part. Two Welsh/Bilingual-medium schools dropped out after timepoint one. SMD analysis (Chapter Four) showed a difference between school types but no difference between Welsh/Bilingual-medium attending first language Welsh- [FLWs] and English-speakers [FLEs]. The suggested reason for the difference between the school types was a marginalization of Welsh/Bilingual-medium FLWs’ and FLEs’ first languages within the social media and school environments, respectively. A difference in self-esteem (Chapter Five), depression, loneliness, and social anxiety (Chapter Six) scores was shown for FLWs and FLEs, also, with FLEs showing the poorer scores. The suggested reason was FLWs benefiting in terms of social identification processes and close affiliation to the Welsh language, culture, and community. Structural equation modeling [SEM] (Chapter Seven) indicated that first language mattered whenever SMD predicted self-esteem, depression, loneliness, and social anxiety. Longitudinal analyses (Chapter Eight) showed no difference in FLWs’ and FLEs’ SMD representation at low, medium and high levels over time, but a greater number of FLEs were represented at low self-esteem levels over time. Qualitative analysis (Chapter Nine) suggested FLWs identified a greater array of technical barriers to using Welsh on social media. In conclusion, the suggestion is an individual’s first language matters regarding self-esteem, depression, loneliness, and social anxiety, but not SMD. However, whenever SMD acts as a predictor variable, an individual’s first language appears to play a pivotal role

Comprendre la cyberthanatologie dans une perspective de santé communautaire : étude des manifestations de soutien au deuil dans les espaces numériques

Les technologies numériques ont révolutionné tous les aspects de la vie sociale humaine. La mort et ses phénomènes associés n'y font pas exception, entraînant une renégociation des interactions entre les vivants et les morts. Afin d'approfondir et de structurer la compréhension de ces interactions avec et au sein du cyberespace, cette thèse introduit le concept de cyberthanatologie, défini comme étant l'articulation entre la mort et tous les phénomènes qui y sont reliés avec et au sein des espaces numériques. Prenant appui sur une approche de recherche descriptive, nos travaux visent à documenter et à comprendre les phénomènes d'appropriation par la société des espaces virtuels comme espaces d'interaction, de commémoration et de soutien pour les questions relatives à la mort et au deuil. Pour ce faire, trois objectifs sont poursuivis dans le cadre d'un programme de recherche ayant trois volets complémentaires : 1) quantifier et caractériser la présence de production de contenu spontané par des internautes sur le thème de la mort au sein d'une communauté virtuelle, 2) cartographier les ressources en ligne portant sur la mort et le deuil et 3) décrire la présence en ligne d'une des structures d'accompagnement au deuil et à la mort au Québec. Le premier objectif consiste en une exploration des réactions face à la mort au sein d'une communauté virtuelle dont l'objet central n'est pas spécifiquement lié aux questions de deuil. Notre choix de modèle s'est porté sur une communauté en ligne de fans d'une série populaire connue pour le nombre élevé de décès parmi ses personnages. Plus de 3 500 réactions à la mort de personnages fictifs, publiées sur une période de cinq années, ont été collectées et analysées. Le deuxième objectif a été réalisé à l'aide d'une cartographie exhaustive des sites web portant sur le deuil et la mort dans trois langues ayant une répartition multinationale (anglais, français, espagnol). Pour chaque langue, les sites web ont été collectés via une approche systématique et classés selon leur catégorie (gouvernemental, santé, éducatif, média social, média conventionnel, spirituel), leur pays d'origine et le(s) type(s) de soutien offert (pratique, services, par les pairs, informationnel, ressources). Le troisième objectif a porté sur l'analyse approfondie de l'une des structures d'accompagnement, en explorant spécifiquement la présence en ligne de la Fédération des coopératives funéraires du Québec. Les sites web des coopératives (21) et le site web principal de la Fédération (1) furent explorés en détail, ainsi que le matériel connexe (par exemple les forums et les pages Facebook). Les résultats confirment que le thème de la mort est abordé spontanément dans l'espace de discussion en ligne dans les jours et même les années suivant la mort du personnage. La cartographie des sites web révèle des variations entre les trois langues à la fois pour les catégories et les types de soutien. L'analyse détaillée des sites web de la Fédération des coopératives funéraires du Québec montre plusieurs caractéristiques influençant l'identité numérique et la mission communautaire de l'institution funéraire. Ces résultats mettent en évidence que des sources variées peuvent contribuer à la conversation publique sur la mort et le deuil et approfondissent la compréhension multiculturelle du soutien en ligne pour le deuil, en plus d'offrir un portrait du paysage actuel de ressources formelles et informelles d'éducation à la mort et de soutien pour le deuil. La présence en ligne de discours et de contenus liés à la mort et au deuil pourrait contribuer à redonner un sens communautaire à quelque chose qui était traditionnellement perçu comme morbide. Les travaux présentés ici combinent à la fois des avancées théoriques, par la définition de la cyberthanatologie comme un concept émergent à la fois applicable et appliqué, et des avancées sur le plan de nos connaissances pratiques, tant au niveau de la compréhension des mécanismes d'interactions au sein des communautés virtuelles, que par une cartographie représentant un portait instantané et exhaustif de la situation actuelle. Nos travaux représentent un pas important vers une rationalisation et une optimisation des stratégies d'accompagnement des personnes en deuil et en fin de vie par les espaces numériques et pose les bases d'une plus grande compréhension du rôle des technologies dans les représentations sociétales de la mort et de la manière dont elle est perçue, vécue et acceptée.Digital technologies have revolutionized every aspect of humans' social life. Death and its related phenomena are no exception, triggering a renegotiation of the interactions between the living and the dead. In order to deepen and structure the understanding of these interactions with and within the cyberspace, this Thesis introduces the concept of cyberthanatology, defined as the articulation between death and all related phenomena with and within digital spaces. Using a descriptive research approach, our work aims to document and understand the phenomena of appropriation by the society of virtual spaces as spaces of interaction, commemoration, and support for issues related to death and grief. To do so, three objectives are pursued within three complementary research components: 1) to quantify and characterize the presence of spontaneous content production by Internet users on the theme of death, 2) to map online resources dealing with death and bereavement, and 3) to describe the online presence of one bereavement support structure from Quebec. This first objective is to explore reactions to death in a virtual community whose central focus is not specifically related to grief issues. We chose as a model an online community of fans of a popular show renowned for the high number of deaths among its characters. Over 3,500 reactions to fictional characters' death posted over five years were collected and analyzed. The second objective was realized with an exhaustive mapping of websites on grief and death in three languages having a multinational worldwide repartition (English, French, and Spanish). For each language, websites were collected through a systematic approach and classified according to their category (governmental, health, educational, social media, conventional media, spiritual), their country of origin, and the type of support they offered (practical support, services, peer support, informational support, resources). The third objective focused on an in-depth analysis of one of the accompanying structures, specifically exploring the online presence of the Quebec Federation of Funeral Cooperatives. The cooperative's websites (21) and the Federation's main website (1) were explored in detail, as well as related material (e.g., forums and Facebook pages). Findings confirm that the theme of death is spontaneously addressed in online discussion spaces in days and years following the character's death. The mapping of websites reveals variations across the three languages in both categories and types of support. Detailed investigation of the websites of the Quebec Federation of Funeral Cooperatives shows several characteristics influencing the industry's digital identity and community role. These findings unveil that a variety of sources can contribute to the public conversation about death and grief, deepen the multicultural understanding of online grief support, and offer a portrait of the current landscape of formal and informal death education and grief support resources. The online presence of death and grief-related discourses and contents could help restore a sense of community to something that has been perceived as morbid. The work presented here combines both theoretical advances, through the definition of cyberthanatology as an emerging concept that is applicable and applied, and advances in our practical knowledge, in terms of apprehending the interactions' mechanisms within virtual communities, as well as through a mapping that represents a snapshot - albeit exhaustive - portrait of the current situation. Our work represents an important step towards a rationalization and an optimization of strategies to support bereaved and dying persons through digital spaces and lays the groundwork for a greater understanding of technologies' role in societal representations of death and how it is perceived, experienced, and accepted

States' Responding Behavior in Conflict: Asymmetric Response and Strategic Conflict Avoidance

State responses to external threats and aggression are studied with focus on two different rationales: (1) to make credible deterrent threats to avoid being exploited, and (2) to minimize the risk of escalation to unwanted war. Given external aggression, the target state's responding behavior has three possibilities: concession (under-response), reciprocation, and escalation. This study focuses on the first two possibilities and investigates how the strategic nature of crisis interaction can explain the intentional choice of concession or avoidance of retaliation. I build a two-level bargaining model that accounts for the domestic bargaining situation between the leader and the challenger for each state. The model's equilibrium shows that the responding behavior is determined not only by inter-state level variables (e.g. balance of power between two states, or cost of war that each state is supposed to pay), but also the domestic variables of both states. Next, the strategic interaction is rationally explained by the model: as the responding state believes that the initiating state has strong domestic challenges and, hence, the aggression is believed to be initiated for domestic political purposes (a rally-around-the-flag effect), the response tends to decrease. The concession is also predicted if the target state leader has strong bargaining power against her domestic challengers \emph{and} she believes that the initiating leader suffers from weak domestic standing. To test the model's prediction, I conduct a lab experiment and case studies. The experimental result shows that under an incentivized bargaining situation, individual actors are observed to react to hostile action as the model predicts: if the opponent is believed to suffer from internally driven difficulties, the subject will not punish hostile behavior of the other player as severely as she would without such a belief. The experiment also provides supporting evidence for the choice of concession: when the player finds herself in a favorable situation while the other has disadvantages, the player is more likely to make concessions in the controlled dictator game. Two cases are examined to discuss how the model can explain the choice of either reciprocation or concession. From personal interviews and fieldwork in South Korea, I find that South Korea's reciprocating behavior during the 2010 Yeonpyeong Island incident is explained by a combination of `low domestic power of initiating leader (Kim Jong-il)' and `low domestic power of responding leader (Lee Myung-bak).' On the other hand, the case of EC-121 is understood as a non-response or concession outcome. Declassified documents show that Nixon and his key advisors interpreted the attack as a result of North Korea's domestic political instabilities (low domestic power of initiating leader) and that Nixon did not have difficulties at domestic politics during the first few months of his presidency (high domestic power of responding leader)