Bait flavor preference and immunogenicity of ONRAB baits in domestic dogs on the Navajo Nation, Arizona

Rabies is responsible for an estimated 59,000 human deaths worldwide, and domestic dogs are the primary reservoir and vector of the disease. Among some nations, widespread vaccination has led to elimination of rabies in domestic dogs, yet dogs are still susceptible to rabies infection from interactions with wildlife reservoirs. On Tribal lands in the United States, less than 20% of domestic dogs are vaccinated for rabies, and parenteral vaccination is often unfeasible. Oral rabies vaccination may provide a solution, but a suitable bait flavor and vaccine must be identified. We evaluated 5 bait flavors (bacon, cheese, egg, fish, and sweet) in pairwise flavor-preference trials using placebo Ultralite baits in 26 domestic dogs on the Navajo Nation, Arizona. Each bait flavor was offered a total of 104 times. In all paired comparisons, bacon was more frequently preferred to the alternative. The sweet flavor (the flavor used operationally for oral rabies vaccine (ORV) distribution in Canada) was least preferred. Forty domestic dogs were offered baits containing ONRAB ORV: 14 received the sweet-flavored bait packet and 26 received bacon-flavored baits. Serum was collected from dogs before vaccination and at day 14 and 30 or 37 days after vaccination. Thirty-seven dogs consumed the baits, 2 baits (both sweet flavored) were chewed and spit out, and 1 (sweet flavored) was swallowed without apparent chewing (gulped). Eight dogs had preexisting rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) titers and 13 naïve dogs failed to seroconvert during the study period. Overall, 27 dogs (67.5%) showed increased RVNA titers after vaccination, including 1 dog who chewed and spit out the bait and all dogs with positive baseline RVNA titers. Geometric mean titers for all dogs that seroconverted during the study period peaked at day 14 (1.2 IU/ mL; n = 24) and decreased slightly by the final sampling day (0.8 IU/mL; n = 27).We conclude that bacon flavor may be a suitable bait flavor for ORV distribution in loosely kept or free-roaming domestic dogs. Seroconversion among dogs who ingested ONRAB-filled baits was variable. Why 13 dogs who consumed ORV baits failed to seroconvert remains unknown. Additional research to improve seroconversion rates in domestic dogs after vaccination with ONRAB is recommended

야생동물 관리를 위한 행동 생태와 효율적 백신 적용

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 수의과대학 수의학과, 2021. 2. 채준석.최근 인간, 동물 및 생태계의 통합적 건강과 지속 가능한 보전을 위한 원헬스의 개념이 중요하게 다루어지고 있다. 이와 같은 관점에서 인간과 동물간 상호 균형을 위한 질병, 생태 및 종 보전을 포함한 종합적인 연구가 요구되는 실정이다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 야생동물의 보전과 매개질병 관리를 위해 수의•생태학적 관점에서 물떼새류의 포식자 방어행동 전략과 국내에서 적용중인 광견병 경구백신, 저병원성 조류인플루엔자 백신의 사용 분석 및 평가를 수행하였다. 첫째, 동물의 행동은 유전자와 환경적 인자의 결과물이며 종의 핵심적인 특징을 나타냄으로써 개체군 보전 및 관리에 가장 유용한 단서를 제공한다. 야생동물은 생존과 번식을 위한 다양한 포식자 방어행동을 하며, 특히 물떼새류는 번식지에서 날개가 부러진 듯한 교란행동을 하여 둥지와 유조로부터 침입자를 유인하는 특수한 방어행동을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 이는 진화적 관점에서 개체의 취약함을 드러내고 시간이 지남에 따라 포식자 적응 (학습)및 공격을 촉진시켜 궁극적으로 자연선택 및 생존에 불리할 것으로 여겨진다. 이에 따라 한국의 꼬마물떼새 및 흰목물떼새에서의 방어행동 단계 및 침입자 접근 실험을 통해 행동 전략과 의미를 분석하였다. 물떼새류의 방어 행동은 둥지이탈, 걷기, 까닥거리기, 움츠리고 뛰기/쪼그리기, 위협행동, 교란행동, 날기 (비행)의 총 7가지 단계로 확인되었다. 그 중 위협행동과 교란행동은 두 종의 물떼새에서 모두 단계적 구분 없이 동시적으로 나타났다. 물리칠 수 있는 침입자인 메추라기 접근의 경우 위협행동이 우세하게 나타났고, 교란행동은 낮은 빈도로 확인되었다. 반면 물리칠 수 없는 침입자 (천적)인 황조롱이 접근의 경우 위협행동은 비행을 통해서만 매우 드물게 나타났으며, 교란행동은 나타나지 않았다. 또한 위협행동과 교란행동은 번식 (포란) 후반으로 갈수록 높은 빈도로 관찰되었는데, 이는 시간이 지남에 따라 번식에 대한 투자가 증가될수록 알 또는 유조를 보호하기 위한 방어본능이 생존본능보다 우세해지는 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 물떼새류의 번식지에서의 단계적 행동전략 및 특이적 교란행동은 부상을 과시하여 침입자를 유인하는 것보다는 개방형 둥지의 단점을 극복하기 위한, 위협행동과 같은 직접적인 목적을 지닌 침입자에 대한 선택적인 방어행동 전략으로 사료된다. 둘째, 경구백신의 야외 적용은 전세계적으로 야생동물 유래 광견병을 차단하는데 효과적인 것으로 알려져 있다. 국내에서는 2001년부터 경구백신이 살포되어 왔으나, 효율적 살포 방법에 대한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 이에 따라 경구백신의 야외 적용 효율성을 개선하기 위해 백신 목표 (대상) 종의 백신 접촉률을 고려한 다양한 야생동물 서식 환경에 따른 효율적인 백신 살포 지역을 분석하였다. 총 1,808회의 야생동물에 의한 백신 접촉 중 너구리, 개, 고양이 세 종이 백신 목표종으로서 945회 (52.2 %)의 접촉을 나타냈고, 한국에서 광견병의 주요 매개체가 되는 너구리가 가장 높은 접촉률 (34.1 %)을 나타냈다. 또한 백신 목표 종들은 하천 지역과 식생이 풍부한 저지대의 산지에서 백신 접촉률이 높게 나타나는 것으로 확인되었다. 전체 평균 백신 소모율은 95.2 ± 1.93 % 로 확인되었고 94.4 % 의 백신 살포지점은 2주 이내에 전부 소모되어 야생동물에 대한 경구백신의 기호성이 높은 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 식생이 풍부한 저지대의 산지 또는 하천지역에 경구백신을 살포하는 것이 한국에서의 광견병 경구백신 목표 종, 특히 너구리를 대상을 한 백신 적용에 효율적인 것으로 사료된다. 셋째, 백신의 야외 적용은 야생동물 매개질병을 통제하는데 가장 실제적 수단으로 평가되고 있다. 국내에서는 저병원성 조류인플루엔자 (H9N2형)의 발생을 차단하기 위해 2007년부터 백신을 사용해왔으나 관련한 사후관리 및 평가 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 이에 따라 국내에 적용되고 있는 저병원성 조류인플루엔자 백신 (H9N2형)의 2007 ~ 2017년 기간 동안의 사용 현황과 면역원성 (역가)을 분석하였다. 해당 기간 동안 백신의 총 판매량은 약671백만수 분으로 나타났으며, 2007년 10백만수 분에서 2016년 93백만수 분으로 사용량이 크게 증가하였다. 단가백신 보다는 다가백신이 사용량의 90 %를 차지하였고, 약 30 %의 백신은 정부에 의해 무상 공급된 것으로 분석되었다. 지역별 사육수수와 비례하여 경기도, 충청남도에서 각각 산란계, 종계 농가에서의 백신 사용률이 가장 높았다. 2009년 이래로 H9N2형의 야외감염은 없었으며, 해당 기간 동안 백신 사용 농가의 총 평균 항체가는 5.82 log2로 나타났다. 따라서 한국의 저병원성 조류인플루엔자 백신은 질병 발생을 감소시켜 비교적 성공적으로 적용되고 있는 것으로 판단된다. 다만 현재 사용되고 있는 백신주는 최근 야외 분리주와의 유전적 상동성에서 차이를 나타냄에 따라, 향후 질병 관리를 위한 효율적 백신 적용을 위해서는 지속적인 유전자 변이 감시 및 최신 유행주로의 백신주 교체가 검토되어야 할 것으로 사료된다. 결론적으로, 물떼새류의 특이적 방어행동은 침입자 유인보다는 개체군 보전을 위한 기본적인 생존 본능을 의미하며, 종 보전을 위해서는 다양한 야생동물 행동 전략 이해를 통한 인간의 침해 및 교란이 최소화되어야 할 것이다. 또한 백신의 야외 적용은 야생동물 매개질병 발생을 효과적으로 감소시켜 왔지만, 백신의 개량 및 적용 방법의 개선 등 지속적인 효율성 제고가 필요하다. 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 향후 행동을 포함한 다양한 관점에서의 동물 생태•질병 연구가 수행되어야 할 것이며, 이를 통해 야생동물 종 보전 및 질병 관리에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.One Health has become an important concept in recent years, with the goal of achieving integrated health outcomes and sustainable conservation considering humans, animals, and ecosystems. A comprehensive framework based on animal ecology disease, and species conservation is necessary for understanding the mutual balance between humans and animals. In this study, field vaccinations against rabies and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) in the Republic of Korea, as well as anti-predator behavior by plovers in breeding grounds were evaluated from veterinary and ecological perspectives. Firstly, animal behavior is the result of genes and environmental factors. It is most important factor in the wildlife conservation and management of populations, because it represents a key characteristic of animals. Animals exhibit a variety of anti-predator behaviors to enhance survival and breeding success. Plovers (Charadrius spp.) exhibit unique anti-predator behavior when breeding by attracting intruders, using a broken-wing distraction display. However, feigning injury is not considered adaptive through natural selection because it encourages predators to attack in response to a weakness display. Furthermore, the effectiveness of this strategy should decline as predators learn and adjust their response over time. Thus, the first study investigated stages of anti-predator behavior and defensive strategy by Little ringed plover (Charadrius dubius) and Long-billed plover (Charadrius placidus) that bred along streams and rivers in the Republic of Korea. Seven stages of anti-predator behavior that were common to plovers: displacement, normal step, head bobbing, crouch run, threat display, distraction display, and flying away. The threat display and distraction display were exhibited at a similar stage in both species, with the level of defensive instinct increasing as the stages escalated. In particular, the threat display was dominant when Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), i.e., a beatable intruder, approached, whereas the distraction display was used to a lesser extent. In contrast, minimal threat display and no distraction display were used when the Common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), i.e., an unbeatable intruder, approached. The later period of incubation, it was increasingly used with the threat display and distraction display as the investment cost in breeding increased over time. Therefore, the stepwise anti-predator behavioral strategy and broken-wing distraction display by plovers are selective defensive behavior used as an extreme warning signal to defeat intruders and overcome weakness of the open nest, rather than attract predators. Secondly, the field distribution of the oral rabies vaccine (ORV) is effective in controlling the spread of rabies. In the Republic of Korea, although ORVs have been distributed since 2001, research on efficient distribution methods for the vaccine is insufficient for devising an informed strategy. Thus, the second study aimed to investigate efficient distribution locations based on the environment, contact rate, and consumption by target wildlife species in the Republic of Korea. The target species (Korean raccoon dogs, domestic dogs, and feral cats) accounted for 945 contacts (52.2 %), in total 1,808 contacts. Raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), a main reservoir of rabies in the Republic of Korea, had the highest contact rate (34.1 %) among all species. The contact rate by target species was highest at riparian sites and bushy mountainous vegetation, where raccoon dogs are abundant. Vaccines at 94.4 % of the distribution points were completely consumed within two weeks. The mean consumption rate was 95.2 ± 1.93 % during the overall study period. These findings suggest that the oral rabies vaccine attracts wildlife including domestic dogs and feral cats. Therefore, low sections of mountainous areas with bushy vegetation and/or neighboring riparian areas are rich in target wildlife species (especially raccoon dogs) and are efficient locations for vaccine distribution to control rabies in the Republic of Korea. Lastly, vaccination represents a practical tool for the control of wildlife-borne infectious diseases. The Korean government has permitted the use of a single, inactivated vaccine strain to control H9N2 LPAI outbreaks, since 2007. However, overview of sales volume during whole vaccination periods, immunogenicity of commercial vaccines and variation of infection in field have not been identified yet. Thus, the last study was conducted to monitor sales activity and immunogenicity of commercial H9N2 avian influenza vaccines produced in the Republic of Korea from 2007 to 2017. Recorded sales of H9N2 vaccine were around 671 million doses, with 10 million doses sold in 2007, rising to a peak of 93 million doses in 2016. Multivalent combined vaccines made up around 90 % of all vaccine sales, and around 30 % of all vaccines were distributed by regional governments for free. The regional vaccination rate was the highest in Gyeonggi and Chungnam, respectively with proportional to the population of layer and breeder chickens. There have been no cases of field infection since 2009. The mean antibody titer was 5.82 log2 across the study period. Implementation of the H9N2 vaccination has been successful and reduced the outbreaks of disease in Korea. However, the current vaccine strain used in Korea have shown a difference in genetic homogeneity with recently isolated viruses, suggesting that continuous genetic monitoring of H9N2 viruses circulating in the field and updating the vaccine seed strain periodically are necessary. These results suggest that the unique defensive behaviors of plovers indicate instinct for survival, rather than attract predators. Behavioral strategies of wildlife should inform strategies to minimize human disturbance for species conservation. Additionally, although field vaccination has effectively reduced outbreaks of wildlife-borne diseases, the continuous development of vaccines and efficient vaccination methods are needed. Combined, these analyses emphasize the importance of integrative studies in the areas of animal ecology and disease, including behavioral studies, thereby contributing to disease management and wildlife conservation from the One Health perspective.ABSTRACT i LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvii GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1. The concept of One Health 1 2. Animal behavior and defensive strategies 2 3. Zoonotic diseases and public health 3 4. Rabies and avian influenza 4 5. Disease management and wildlife conservation 6 CHAPTER I. Stages of anti-predator behavior by plover during breeding and the purpose of the distraction display Abstract 12 1. Introduction 15 2. Materials and methods 20 3. Results 26 4. Discussion 33 CHAPTER II. Efficient distribution of oral vaccines examined by infrared triggered camera for advancing the control of raccoon dog rabies in the Republic of Korea Abstract 62 1. Introduction 64 2. Materials and methods 69 3. Results 72 4. Discussion 74 CHAPTER III. Sales and immunogenicity of commercial vaccines to H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus in the Republic of Korea from 2007 to 2017 Abstract 116 1. Introduction 118 2. Materials and methods 122 3. Results 124 4. Discussion 126 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 141 REFERENCES 145 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 175Docto

Evaluation of Post-vaccinal Antibody Response to Canine Distemper Virus Vaccine Following a Single Dose of Multivalent (DHLPPi) Vaccines to Nigerian Local Breeds of Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)

The current level of morbidity and mortality among dogs due to canine distemper virus infection raise concerns about the effectiveness of commercially available DHLPPi vaccines. The prevalence of the disease despite vaccination warranted the evaluation of the potency of vaccines that are used for routine vaccination in Nigeria. This study was conducted to investigate antibody responses to the three common brands of DHLPPi vaccines for dogs and to recommend the best immunogenic brand for routine vaccination in dogs in Nigeria. Twenty local breed of dogs, age 8 -14 weeks were purchased from dog breeders in Ibadan, Oyo-State, Nigeria. The dogs were screened for heamoparasites and endoparasites. Those that were positive were treated appropriately and they were acclimatized for three weeks in the University of Ibadan Veterinary Teaching Hospital kernels. They were divided into four groups tagged A, B, C and D. They were fed with rice and meat and formulated rations and served fresh clean water ad-libitum. Groups A, B and C were vaccinated while Group D was not vaccinated and served as the control. Blood samples were collected before vaccination (day 0) and weekly for four weeks and 90 days post-vaccination. The sera of collected blood samples were subjected to ELISA test. Mean values of ELISA antibody titers were calculated and the mean values obtained were compared for significant differences using ANOVA test and student t-test. The antibody titres of the three groups A, B and C were observed to increase within a week of vaccination, and the three vaccinated groups showed variable antibody responses on different days of samplings.characterised with rising and waning of antibodies. Group D was observed to be low titres of antibody throughout the study period. From these findings, all the vaccines were potent, however, comparatively vaccine C was the best, vaccine B was better than A. Vaccine C is therefore strongly recommended for use in dogs for routine vaccination and a booster dose should be administered 4-5 weeks after first dose for optimum humoral immunity against canine distemper virus infection. Seromonitoring is essential in planning vaccination regimen for dogs. Other factors that can affect the effectiveness of vaccine during storage, transportation and administration should be considered for a desirable resul

Surgical Infection Society Guidelines for Vaccination after Traumatic Injury

Background: Recommendations for vaccination of injured patients against infection are evolving. Newly-recognized infections, safety considerations, changing epidemiology, and redefinition of patient groups at risk are factors that may influence vaccine development priorities and recommendations for immunization. However, recommendations must often be formulated based on incomplete data, forcing reliance on expert opinion to address some crucial questions. These guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations for the prevention or treatment of infectious morbidity and mortality after traumatic injury, such as soft tissue wounds, human or animal bites, or after splenectomy. Methods: A panel of experts conducted a thorough review of published literature, as well as information posted on the internet at the websites of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, among others. MEDLINE was searched for the period 1966–2004 using relevant terms including anthrax, rabies, tetanus, tetanus toxoid, and splenectomy, in combination with vaccine and immunization. The Cochrane database was searched also. Reference lists were cross-referenced for additional relevant citations. All published reports were analyzed for quality and graded, with the strength of the recommendation proportionate to the quality of the supporting evidence. Results: Recommendations are provided for pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis of rabies and anthrax. For tetanus prophylaxis, recommendations are provided for prophylaxis of acute wounds stratified y age and prior immunization status, and for immunization of persons at high risk. After splenectomy, it is recommended that all persons ages 2–64 years receive 23- valent pneumococcal vaccine and meningococcal vaccine, with Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine administered to high-risk patients as well (all are Grade D recommendations). Vaccination should be given two weeks before elective splenectomy (Grade C), or two weeks after emergency splenectomy (Grade D). A booster dose of pneumococcal vaccine is recommended after five years (Grade D); no re- vaccination recommendation is made for meningococcal or Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine. Recommendations for prophylaxis of splenectomized children under the age of five years are also provided. Conclusion: There are limited data on the use of vaccines after injury. This document brings together a disparate literature of variable quality into a discussion of the infectious risks after injury relevant to vaccine administration, a summary of safety and adverse effects of vaccines, and evidence-based recommendations for vaccination

Innovative Solutions to Human–Wildlife Conflicts

The mission of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Wildlife Services (WS) Program is to provide Federal leadership in managing problems caused by wildlife. The National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) functions as the research arm of WS by providing scientific information on the development of socially acceptable methods for wildlife damage management. As part of WS’ strategic plan to improve the coexistence of people and wildlife, NWRC has identified four strategic program goals: (1) developing methods, (2) providing wildlife services, (3) valuing and investing in people, and (4) enhancing information and communication. WS is dedicated to helping meet the wildlife damage management needs of the United States by building on NWRC’s strengths in these four key areas. This annual research highlights report is structured around these program goals

Innovative Solutions to Human–Wildlife Conflicts

The mission of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Wildlife Services (WS) Program is to provide Federal leadership in managing problems caused by wildlife. The National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) functions as the research arm of WS by providing scientific information on the development of socially acceptable methods for wildlife damage management. As part of WS’ strategic plan to improve the coexistence of people and wildlife, NWRC has identified four strategic program goals: (1) developing methods, (2) providing wildlife services, (3) valuing and investing in people, and (4) enhancing information and communication. WS is dedicated to helping meet the wildlife damage management needs of the United States by building on NWRC’s strengths in these four key areas. This annual research highlights report is structured around these program goals

Innovative Solutions to Human–Wildlife Conflicts

The mission of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Wildlife Services (WS) Program is to provide Federal leadership in managing problems caused by wildlife. The National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) functions as the research arm of WS by providing scientific information on the development of socially acceptable methods for wildlife damage management. As part of WS’ strategic plan to improve the coexistence of people and wildlife, NWRC has identified four strategic program goals: (1) developing methods, (2) providing wildlife services, (3) valuing and investing in people, and (4) enhancing information and communication. WS is dedicated to helping meet the wildlife damage management needs of the United States by building on NWRC’s strengths in these four key areas. This annual research highlights report is structured around these program goals

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis: Annotated Bibliography

The bibliography includes 259 research publications from the years 1930-2010. It is international in scope, including articles relating to North and South America, Africa, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. It includes journal articles, dissertations, government publications, reports, and proceedings. Each publication entry includes citation, abstract, and key words. The bibliography (PDF) was generated from an MS Access database. A zipped version of that database is attached below as a related file (it is approximately 175 Mb

Something old, someting new : Update of the 2009 and 2013 ABCD guidelines on prevention and management of feline infectious diseases

OVERVIEW: The ABCD has published 34 guidelines in two Special Issues of the Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (JFMS): the first in July 2009 (Volume 11, Issue 7, pages 527-620) and the second in July 2013 (Volume 15, Issue 7, pages 528-652). The present article contains updates and new information on 18 of these (17 disease guidelines and one special article 'Prevention of infectious diseases in cat shelters'). For detailed information, readers are referred to the guidelines published in the above-mentioned JFMS Special Issues