Sensor Data Integrity Verification for Real-time and Resource Constrained Systems

Sensors are used in multiple applications that touch our lives and have become an integral part of modern life. They are used in building intelligent control systems in various industries like healthcare, transportation, consumer electronics, military, etc. Many mission-critical applications require sensor data to be secure and authentic. Sensor data security can be achieved using traditional solutions like cryptography and digital signatures, but these techniques are computationally intensive and cannot be easily applied to resource constrained systems. Low complexity data hiding techniques, on the contrary, are easy to implement and do not need substantial processing power or memory. In this applied research, we use and configure the established low complexity data hiding techniques from the multimedia forensics domain. These techniques are used to secure the sensor data transmissions in resource constrained and real-time environments such as an autonomous vehicle. We identify the areas in an autonomous vehicle that require sensor data integrity and propose suitable water-marking techniques to verify the integrity of the data and evaluate the performance of the proposed method against different attack vectors. In our proposed method, sensor data is embedded with application specific metadata and this process introduces some distortion. We analyze this embedding induced distortion and its impact on the overall sensor data quality to conclude that watermarking techniques, when properly configured, can solve sensor data integrity verification problems in an autonomous vehicle.Ph.D.College of Engineering & Computer ScienceUniversity of Michigan-Dearbornhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/167387/3/Raghavendar Changalvala Final Dissertation.pdfDescription of Raghavendar Changalvala Final Dissertation.pdf : Dissertatio

Quantization Watermarking for Joint Compression and Data Hiding Schemes

International audienceEnrichment and protection of JPEG2000 images is an important issue. Data hiding techniques are a good solution to solve these problems. In this context, we can consider the joint approach to introduce data hiding technique into JPEG2000 coding pipeline. Data hiding consists of imperceptibly altering multimedia content, to convey some information. This process is done in such a way that the hidden data is not perceptible to an observer. Digital watermarking is one type of data hiding. In addition to the imperceptibility and payload constraints, the watermark should be robust against a variety of manipulations or attacks. We focus on trellis coded quantization (TCQ) data hiding techniques and propose two JPEG2000 compression and data hiding schemes. The properties of TCQ quantization, defined in JPEG2000 part 2, are used to perform quantization and information embedding during the same time. The first scheme is designed for content description and management applications with the objective of achieving high payloads. The compression rate/imperceptibility/payload trade off is our main concern. The second joint scheme has been developed for robust watermarking and can have consequently many applications. We achieve the better imperceptibility/robustness trade off in the context of JPEG2000 compression. We provide some experimental results on the implementation of these two schemes

Frame-synchronous Blind Audio Watermarking for Tamper Proofing and Self-Recovery

This paper presents a lifting wavelet transform (LWT)-based blind audio watermarking scheme designed for tampering detection and self-recovery. Following 3-level LWT decomposition of a host audio, the coefficients in selected subbands are first partitioned into frames for watermarking. To suit different purposes of the watermarking applications, binary information is packed into two groups: frame-related data are embedded in the approximation subband using rational dither modulation; the source-channel coded bit sequence of the host audio is hidden inside the 2nd and 3rd -detail subbands using 2N-ary adaptive quantization index modulation. The frame-related data consists of a synchronization code used for frame alignment and a composite message gathered from four adjacent frames for content authentication. To endow the proposed watermarking scheme with a self-recovering capability, we resort to hashing comparison to identify tampered frames and adopt a Reed–Solomon code to correct symbol errors. The experiment results indicate that the proposed watermarking scheme can accurately locate and recover the tampered regions of the audio signal. The incorporation of the frame synchronization mechanism enables the proposed scheme to resist against cropping and replacement attacks, all of which were unsolvable by previous watermarking schemes. Furthermore, as revealed by the perceptual evaluation of audio quality measures, the quality degradation caused by watermark embedding is merely minor. With all the aforementioned merits, the proposed scheme can find various applications for ownership protection and content authentication

Optimization of a Blind Speech Watermarking Technique against Amplitude Scaling

This paper presents a gain invariant speech watermarking technique based on quantization of the Lp-norm. In this scheme, first, the original speech signal is divided into different frames. Second, each frame is divided into two vectors based on odd and even indices. Third, quantization index modulation (QIM) is used to embed the watermark bits into the ratio of the Lp-norm between the odd and even indices. Finally, the Lagrange optimization technique is applied to minimize the embedding distortion. By applying a statistical analytical approach, the embedding distortion and error probability are estimated. Experimental results not only confirm the accuracy of the driven statistical analytical approach but also prove the robustness of the proposed technique against common signal processing attacks

Tatouage du flux compressé MPEG-4 AVC

La présente thèse aborde le sujet de tatouage du flux MPEG-4 AVC sur ses deux volets théoriques et applicatifs en considérant deux domaines applicatifs à savoir la protection du droit d auteur et la vérification de l'intégrité du contenu. Du point de vue théorique, le principal enjeu est de développer un cadre de tatouage unitaire en mesure de servir les deux applications mentionnées ci-dessus. Du point de vue méthodologique, le défi consiste à instancier ce cadre théorique pour servir les applications visées. La première contribution principale consiste à définir un cadre théorique pour le tatouage multi symboles à base de modulation d index de quantification (m-QIM). La règle d insertion QIM a été généralisée du cas binaire au cas multi-symboles et la règle de détection optimale (minimisant la probabilité d erreur à la détection en condition du bruit blanc, additif et gaussien) a été établie. Il est ainsi démontré que la quantité d information insérée peut être augmentée par un facteur de log2m tout en gardant les mêmes contraintes de robustesse et de transparence. Une quantité d information de 150 bits par minutes, soit environ 20 fois plus grande que la limite imposée par la norme DCI est obtenue. La deuxième contribution consiste à spécifier une opération de prétraitement qui permet d éliminer les impactes du phénomène du drift (propagation de la distorsion) dans le flux compressé MPEG-4 AVC. D abord, le problème a été formalisé algébriquement en se basant sur les expressions analytiques des opérations d encodage. Ensuite, le problème a été résolu sous la contrainte de prévention du drift. Une amélioration de la transparence avec des gains de 2 dB en PSNR est obtenueThe present thesis addresses the MPEG-4 AVC stream watermarking and considers two theoretical and applicative challenges, namely ownership protection and content integrity verification.From the theoretical point of view, the thesis main challenge is to develop a unitary watermarking framework (insertion/detection) able to serve the two above mentioned applications in the compressed domain. From the methodological point of view, the challenge is to instantiate this theoretical framework for serving the targeted applications. The thesis first main contribution consists in building the theoretical framework for the multi symbol watermarking based on quantization index modulation (m-QIM). The insertion rule is analytically designed by extending the binary QIM rule. The detection rule is optimized so as to ensure minimal probability of error under additive white Gaussian noise distributed attacks. It is thus demonstrated that the data payload can be increased by a factor of log2m, for prescribed transparency and additive Gaussian noise power. A data payload of 150 bits per minute, i.e. about 20 times larger than the limit imposed by the DCI standard, is obtained. The thesis second main theoretical contribution consists in specifying a preprocessing MPEG-4 AVC shaping operation which can eliminate the intra-frame drift effect. The drift represents the distortion spread in the compressed stream related to the MPEG encoding paradigm. In this respect, the drift distortion propagation problem in MPEG-4 AVC is algebraically expressed and the corresponding equations system is solved under drift-free constraints. The drift-free shaping results in gain in transparency of 2 dB in PSNREVRY-INT (912282302) / SudocSudocFranceF

Robust feature-based 3D mesh segmentation and visual mask with application to QIM 3D watermarking

The last decade has seen the emergence of 3D meshes in industrial, medical and entertainment applications. Many researches, from both the academic and the industrial sectors, have become aware of their intellectual property protection arising with their increasing use. The context of this master thesis is related to the digital rights management (DRM) issues and more particularly to 3D digital watermarking which is a technical tool that by means of hiding secret information can offer copyright protection, content authentication, content tracking (fingerprinting), steganography (secret communication inside another media), content enrichment etc. Up to now, 3D watermarking non-blind schemes have reached good levels in terms of robustness against a large set of attacks which 3D models can undergo (such as noise addition, decimation, reordering, remeshing, etc.). Unfortunately, so far blind 3D watermarking schemes do not present a good resistance to de-synchronization attacks (such as cropping or resampling). This work focuses on improving the Spread Transform Dither Modulation (STDM) application on 3D watermarking, which is an extension of the Quantization Index Modulation (QIM), through both the use of the perceptual model presented, which presents good robustness against noising and smoothing attacks, and the the application of an algorithm which provides robustness noising and smoothing attacks, and the the application of an algorithm which provides robustness against reordering and cropping attacks based on robust feature detection. Similar to other watermarking techniques, imperceptibility constraint is very important for 3D objects watermarking. For this reason, this thesis also explores the perception of the distortions related to the watermark embed process as well as to the alterations produced by the attacks that a mesh can undergo