CSR in Controversial Industries: Can the Norwegian Oil and Gas Industry Benefit From Communicating their Environmental CSR Efforts?

As corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives are used more frequently as a marketing tactic, research is lacking on the subject with regard to controversial industries. The aim of this study is to contribute by adding knowledge about the factors that influence attitude in a setting of environmental CSR messages communicated by the oil and gas industry. The ultimate objective is to examine if and how the Norwegian oil and gas actors should communicate their efforts. To examine this subject, a 2x2 experimental design was implemented, manipulating four advertisements to demonstrate the conditional factors of message source (internal vs. external) and message framing (positive vs. negative). Attitude was then examined as determined by each experimental condition, accounting for the effects of the mediating and moderating variables. The study’s findings provide evidence that attitude is influenced by how (message framing) and by who (message source) the message is communicated. However, these relationships are only significant when mediated and moderated by, respectively, the perceived authenticity of the source and by level of environmental concern. Overall, in order to reach and affect those with higher levels of environmental concern, it is recommended that environmental CSR messages is framed in such a way that it enhances the possible gain of the initiative (positive framing).The message should also be communicated (or supported) by an external third-party, as this enhanced attitude, relative to the internal corporation source. Furthermore, the authenticity of the source proved to be an important mediator and direct predictor for attitude. Focus should therefor lay on presenting CSR efforts in an accurate, truthful, and transparent way

User-generated Video as a New Genre of Documentary

This study analyses the behavior of Internet users interested in producing their own documentary videos and assesses the characteristics and techniques that govern the production of such videos. The development and global diffusion of Internet 2.0 technologies have facilitated a rapid proliferation of user-generated video, of varying quality and aesthetic seriousness, on the Internet in recent years. These videos are produced by amateur Internet users, and express the dominant social, cultural, and political trends of their respective milieux while also reflecting the new availability of affordable mobile cameras and editing software. These new tools are helping thousands of ordinary people to explore their political and artistic concerns in an unprecedented, public way. User-generated video is increasingly considered a valid source of information by mainstream media networks, to the point that it is even coming to occupy a central role in some forms of news broadcasting. This study raises an essential question: Can we view user-generated amateur video as a new form of documentary? From this question there derive other important questions about the various forms that these new videos take, the ways that they are produced, the expertise of the people who make them, the distinctive characteristics, if any, of their content, and the extent to which their makers comply with the ethical standards of professional documentary-making. The theoretical part of this study explains the concept of the professional documentary, its formal characteristics, modes, and ethical requirements, as well as highlighting the differences between documentary, news and reality TV. A working definition of user-generated video will then be proposed in light of developments in media studies and new media theory. The practical part of the study centres on an e-workshop for non-professional documentary-makers in Egypt called egdoc. The workshop is set up in such a way as to allow the behavior of amateur users of the site to be analysed and ultimately compared with the behavior of professional documentary-makers. The launching of the egdoc website coincided with the aftermath of the revolution which began in Egypt on 25 January 2011. This dramatic context, and the unprecedented quantity of amateur video documenting revolutionary events, generated a healthy level of interest in the egdoc project and soon gave rise to an adequate sample of amateur video. The egdoc study also serves, in its own right, as a valuable snapshot of Egyptian public opinion in the historic period that it covers. The most important lesson gleaned from the egdoc experience was that the distinction between professional and user-generated amateur documentary is fast becoming blurred. Some of the users of egdoc can hardly be described as amateurs when you compare their final product with a professional production in terms of either content or form. In addition, the egdoc experience suggests that political and social circumstances may contribute to the development of new forms of non-professional documentary in the future

University Catalog 1986-1988

This catalog is published for students and other persons who want to know more about the University of Northern Iowa. Its purpose is to communicate as objectively and completely as possible what the university is and what it does. The catalog is presented in sections to give a general view of the university as well as the detailed information required for informed decision making.https://scholarworks.uni.edu/uni_catalogs/1018/thumbnail.jp

University Catalog 1988-1990

This catalog is published for students and other persons who want to know more about the University of Northern Iowa. Its purpose is to communicate as objectively and completely as possible what the university is and what it does. The catalog is presented in sections to give a general view of the university as well as the detailed information required for informed decision making.https://scholarworks.uni.edu/uni_catalogs/1017/thumbnail.jp

University Catalog 1994-1996

This catalog is published for students and other persons who want to know more about the University of Northern Iowa. Its purpose is to communicate as objectively and completely as possible what the university is and what it does. The catalog is presented in sections to give a general view of the university as well as the detailed information required for informed decision making.https://scholarworks.uni.edu/uni_catalogs/1014/thumbnail.jp

University Catalog 1994-1996

This catalog is published for students and other persons who want to know more about the University of Northern Iowa. Its purpose is to communicate as objectively and completely as possible what the university is and what it does. The catalog is presented in sections to give a general view of the university as well as the detailed information required for informed decision making.https://scholarworks.uni.edu/uni_catalogs/1014/thumbnail.jp