Introduction to the Volume on Digital Media, Youth, and Credibility

This chapter argues that understanding credibility is particularly complex -- and consequential -- in the digital media environment, especially for youth audiences, who have both advantages and disadvantages due to their relationship with contemporary technologies and their life experience. The chapter explains what is, and what is not, new about credibility in the context of digital media and discusses the major thrusts of current credibility concerns for scholars, educators, and youth

Using and Interacting with AI-Based Intelligent Technologies: Practical Applications on Autonomous Cars and Chatbots

L'intelligence artificielle (IA) est souvent considérée comme l'une des innovations les plus prometteuses et perturbatrices de notre époque. Malgré son développement rapide, il existe encore un haut niveau d'incertitude quant à la manière dont les consommateurs vont adopter l'IA. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse de quatre articles vise à comprendre comment les consommateurs utilisent et interagissent avec les technologies intelligentes, en se concentrant en particulier sur deux applications: les chatbots et les véhicules autonomes (VA). Dans un premier temps, nous effectuons une analyse approfondie de la littérature marketing existante en adoptant les approches scientométriques et la méthode Theory-Context-Characteristics-Methodology. Ainsi, nous définissons nos questions de recherche concernant 1) les réactions cognitives et émotionnelles des consommateurs lorsqu'ils interagissent avec des technologies basées sur l'IA capables de simuler des conversations de type humain ; 2) les facteurs affectant l'intention des consommateurs d'utiliser des technologies basées sur l'IA, et leur évolution à travers les niveaux d'automatisation ; 3) les préoccupations éthiques des consommateurs envers les produits IA et leur effet sur la confiance et les intentions d'utilisation. En mettant en œuvre trois plans expérimentaux inter-sujets, nous répondons à notre première question de recherche en comparant les interactions humain-humain et humain-chatbot et les interactions avec des chatbots hautement anthropomorphes et faiblement anthropomorphes. Nous nous appuyons principalement sur la Théorie de l'Evaluation Cognitive des Emotions (Roseman et al. 1990), la Théorie de l'Attribution (Weiner 2000) et la Théorie de l'Anthropomorphisme (Aggarwal and McGill 2007 ; Epley et al. 2018), en montrant que les réponses des consommateurs diffèrent lorsqu'ils interagissent avec un humain et un chatbot, en fonction des différentes attributions de responsabilité et des différents niveaux d'anthropomorphisme. Ensuite, nous étudions la manière dont l'expérience des consommateurs avec différents niveaux d'automatisation affecte les perceptions des technologies basées sur l'IA. Nous utilisons les VA comme unité d'analyse, en intégrant le cadre UTAUT avec la Théorie de la Confiance (Mcknight et al. 2011), la Théorie du Calcul de la Vie Privée (Dinev et Hart 2006) et la Théorie du Bien-être (Diener 1999). Après la mise en œuvre d'un design intra-sujet avec des études sur le terrain et sur simulateur, les résultats suggèrent que la différenciation entre les différents niveaux d'automatisation joue un rôle clé pour mieux comprendre les facteurs d’adoption ainsi que les réactions cognitives lors de l'utilisation d'applications intelligentes. Enfin, nous étudions les préoccupations éthiques des consommateurs concernant les chatbots et les VA. Nous utilisons une approche mixte, en utilisant la modélisation thématique et la modélisation par équation structurelle. Nous montrons que pour les chatbots, la composante interactionnelle et émotionnelle de la technologie est prédominante, les consommateurs soulignant, entre autres, le design émotionnel et le manque d'adaptabilité comme principaux soucis éthiques. En revanche, pour les VA, les préoccupations éthiques concernent plutôt des perceptions cognitives liées à la transparence des algorithmes, à la sécurité de la technologie et à l'accessibilité. Notre recherche offre des contributions à la littérature émergente sur les comportements des consommateurs liés aux produits intelligents en soulignant la nécessité de prendre en compte la complexité des technologies d'IA à travers leurs différents niveaux d'automatisation et en fonction de leurs caractéristiques. Nous offrons également des contributions méthodologiques grâce à la mise en œuvre de plans de recherche expérimentaux innovants, utilisant des outils avancés et combinant des approches qualitatives et quantitatives. […]Artificial Intelligence (AI) is often considered as one of the most promising and disruptive innovation of our times. Despite its rapid development, there is still a high level of uncertainty about how consumers are going to adopt AI. In this context, this four-article dissertation aims to comprehend how consumers use and interact with intelligent technologies, in particular focusing on two current applications: chatbots and autonomous vehicles (AVs). First, we conduct an in-depth analysis of the existing marketing literature adopting Scientometric and Theory-Context-Characteristics-Methodology approaches. Thus, we define our research questions related to 1) consumers ‘cognitive and emotional reactions when interacting with AI-based technologies that are able to simulate human-like conversations; 2) factors affecting consumers ‘intention to use AI-based technologies able to make decision in critical situations, and their evolution across levels of automation; 3) consumers ethical concerns towards AI products and their effect on trust and usage intentions. By applying three between-subject experimental designs, we answer our first research question comparing human–human versus human–chatbot interactions and highly anthropomorphic versus lowly anthropomorphic chatbots. We leverage insights mainly from Cognitive Appraisal Theory of Emotions (Roseman et al. 1990), Attribution Theory (Weiner 2000) and Theory of Anthropomorphism (Aggarwal and McGill 2007; Epley et al. 2018), showing that consumers’ responses differ when interacting with a human and a chatbot, according to the different attributions of responsibility and the different levels of anthropomorphism of the service agent. Next, we investigate the way consumers’ experience with different levels of automation affect perceptions of AI-based technologies. We use AVs as unit of analysis, integrating the UTAUT framework with Trust Theory (Mcknight et al. 2011), Privacy Calculus Theory (Dinev and Hart 2006) and Theory of Well-being (Diener 1999; Diener and Chan 2011). After implementing a within subject-design with field and simulator studies, results suggest that differentiating between the different automation levels play a key role to better understand the potential drivers of adoption as well as the cognitive reactions when using intelligent applications. Finally, we investigate consumers’ ethical concerns surrounding chatbots and AVs. We employ a mixed methods approach, using topic modeling and structural equation modeling. We show that for chatbots, the interactional and emotional component of the technology is predominant, as consumers highlight, between others, the emotional design and the lack of adaptability as main ethical issues. However, for autonomous cars, the ethical concerns rather involve cognitive perceptions related to the transparency of the algorithms, the ethical design, the safety of the technology and the accessibility. Our research offers contributions to the emerging literature on consumer behaviors related to intelligent products by highlighting the need to take into account the complexity of AI technologies across their different levels of automation and according to their intrinsic characteristics. We also offer methodological contributions thanks to the implementation of innovative experimental research designs, using advanced tools and combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. To conclude, we present implications for both managers and policymakers who want to implement AIbased disruptive technologies, such as chatbots and AVs

Human Computer Interaction and Emerging Technologies

The INTERACT Conferences are an important platform for researchers and practitioners in the field of human-computer interaction (HCI) to showcase their work. They are organised biennially by the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) Technical Committee on Human–Computer Interaction (IFIP TC13), an international committee of 30 member national societies and nine Working Groups. INTERACT is truly international in its spirit and has attracted researchers from several countries and cultures. With an emphasis on inclusiveness, it works to lower the barriers that prevent people in developing countries from participating in conferences. As a multidisciplinary field, HCI requires interaction and discussion among diverse people with different interests and backgrounds. The 17th IFIP TC13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (INTERACT 2019) took place during 2-6 September 2019 in Paphos, Cyprus. The conference was held at the Coral Beach Hotel Resort, and was co-sponsored by the Cyprus University of Technology and Tallinn University, in cooperation with ACM and ACM SIGCHI. This volume contains the Adjunct Proceedings to the 17th INTERACT Conference, comprising a series of selected papers from workshops, the Student Design Consortium and the Doctoral Consortium. The volume follows the INTERACT conference tradition of submitting adjunct papers after the main publication deadline, to be published by a University Press with a connection to the conference itself. In this case, both the Adjunct Proceedings Chair of the conference, Dr Usashi Chatterjee, and the lead Editor of this volume, Dr Fernando Loizides, work at Cardiff University which is the home of Cardiff University Press

Perspectives on Platform Regulation

Online social media platforms set the agenda and structure for public and private communication in our age. Their influence and power is beyond any traditional media empire. Their legal regulation is a pressing challenge, but currently, they are mainly governed by economic pressures. There are now diverse legislative attempts to regulate platforms in various parts of the world. The European Union and most of its Member States have historically relied on soft law, but are now looking to introduce regulation. Leading researchers of the field analyse the hard questions and the responses given by various states. The book offers legislative solutions from various parts of the world, compares regulatory concepts and assesses the use of algorithms. With contributions by Izumi Aizu, Enni Ala-Mikkula, Alexandre Alaphilippe, Natalie Alkiviadou, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales, Siwal Ashwini, Judit Bayer, Jörg Becker, Konrad Bleyer-Simon, Elda Brogi, Shun-Ling Chen, Poren Chiang, Michael Geist, Gerard Goggin, Giovanni De Gregorio, Sarah Hartmann, Maximilian Hemmert-Halswick, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Bernd Holznagel, Peng Hwa Ang, Richard Janda, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn, Juliya Kharitonova, Kristiina Koivukari, Päivi Korpisaari, Jacob Mchangama, Trisha Meyer, Kilian Müller, Larissa Sannikova, Mårten Schultz, Nicole Stremlau, Maria L. Vazquez, Kuo-Wei Wu and Lorna Woods

Perspectives on Platform Regulation

Online social media platforms set the agenda and structure for public and private communication in our age. Their influence and power is beyond any traditional media empire. Their legal regulation is a pressing challenge, but currently, they are mainly governed by economic pressures. There are now diverse legislative attempts to regulate platforms in various parts of the world. The European Union and most of its Member States have historically relied on soft law, but are now looking to introduce regulation. Leading researchers of the field analyse the hard questions and the responses given by various states. The book offers legislative solutions from various parts of the world, compares regulatory concepts and assesses the use of algorithms. With contributions by Izumi Aizu, Enni Ala-Mikkula, Alexandre Alaphilippe, Natalie Alkiviadou, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales, Siwal Ashwini, Judit Bayer, Jörg Becker, Konrad Bleyer-Simon, Elda Brogi, Shun-Ling Chen, Poren Chiang, Michael Geist, Gerard Goggin, Giovanni De Gregorio, Sarah Hartmann, Maximilian Hemmert-Halswick, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Bernd Holznagel, Peng Hwa Ang, Richard Janda, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn, Juliya Kharitonova, Kristiina Koivukari, Päivi Korpisaari, Jacob Mchangama, Trisha Meyer, Kilian Müller, Larissa Sannikova, Mårten Schultz, Nicole Stremlau, Maria L. Vazquez, Kuo-Wei Wu and Lorna Woods

Combining SOA and BPM Technologies for Cross-System Process Automation

This paper summarizes the results of an industry case study that introduced a cross-system business process automation solution based on a combination of SOA and BPM standard technologies (i.e., BPMN, BPEL, WSDL). Besides discussing major weaknesses of the existing, custom-built, solution and comparing them against experiences with the developed prototype, the paper presents a course of action for transforming the current solution into the proposed solution. This includes a general approach, consisting of four distinct steps, as well as specific action items that are to be performed for every step. The discussion also covers language and tool support and challenges arising from the transformation