Hubungan Tingkat Keberdayaan dengan Tingkat Kemandirian Anggota Kelompoktani Program Sistem Pertanian Terpadu (Spt) PT. Rapp di Kabupaten Siak

The purpose of this research are: 1) Assessing the level of empowerment program members of farmer groups Integrated Farming Systems PT. RAPP in Siak, 2) Assess the degree of independence of members of farmers program Integrated Farming Systems PT. RAPP in Siak, 3) Knowing the empowerment level relationship with the level of independence of farmers program Integrated Farming Systems PT. RAPP in Siak. This study was conducted in Siak district, which includes three sub-districts right kerinci, District and Sub-District Dayun River Apit starting from September 2015 to January 2017. The determination of sampling determined by purposive sampling with the consideration that the farmer who made the respondent is a member of the built members of farmer groups PT. RAPP program received Integrated Agricultural Systems, members of farmer groups most active members, assistance programs Integrated Farming System representing all farmer groups. The number of respondents as many as 30 people. The analysis using Likert scale and Rank Spearman correlation analysis. The results of this study show that: 1) The level of empowerment members of farmer groups in the program Integrated Farming Systems Siak Regency included in the category of Most Powerful. 2) The level of independence of members of farmer groups in Siak program Integrated Farming Systems included in the High category. 3) Relationship level of empowerment to the level of independence of members of farmers Integrated Farming Systems program showed a positive correlation (Unidirectional). This suggests that when the members of the degree of independence helpless farmer group members is also high

Stochastic Stick - Slip Model Linking Crustal Shear Strength and Earthquake Interevent Times

The current understanding of the earthquake interevent times distribution (ITD) is incomplete. The Weibull distribution is often used to model the earthquake ITD. We link the earthquake ITD on single faults with the Earth's crustal shear strength distribution by means of a phenomenological stick - slip model. We obtain Weibull ITD for power-law stress accumulation, i.e., $\sigma(t) = \alpha t^{\beta}$, where $\beta >0$ for single faults or systems with homogeneous strength statistics. We show that logarithmic stress accumulation leads to the log-Weibull ITD. For the Weibull ITD, we prove that (i) $m= \beta m_s$, where $m$ and $m_s$ are, respectively, the ITD and crustal shear strength Weibull moduli and (ii) the time scale $\tau_s = (S_s/\alpha)^{1/\beta}$ where $S_s$ is the scale of crustal shear strength. We generalize the ITD model for fault systems. We investigate deviations of the ITD tails from the Weibull due to sampling bias, magnitude selection, and non-homogeneous strength parameters. Assuming the Gutenberg - Richter law and independence of $m$ on the magnitude threshold, $M_{L,c},$ we deduce that $\tau_s \propto e^{- \rho_{M} M_{L,c}},$ where $\rho_M \in [1.15, 3.45]$ for seismically active regions. We demonstrate that a microearthquake sequence conforms reasonably well to the Weibull model. The stochastic stick - slip model justifies the Weibull ITD for single faults and homogeneous fault systems, while it suggests mixtures of Weibull distributions for heterogeneous fault systems. Non-universal deviations from Weibull statistics are possible, even for single faults, due to magnitude thresholds and non-uniform parameter values.Comment: 32 pages, 11 figures Version 2; minor correction

Leaving the Nest: Why Fiscally-sponsored Projects Seek Independence

Leaving the Nest: Why Fiscally-sponsored Projects Seek Independence takes a descriptive approach to the question of why fiscally-sponsored nonprofit organizations seek independence from their sponsors. Sampling projects from California\u27s largest umbrella fiscal sponsors, this study found six factors to be the most common and most important reasons given by the leadership of the sponsored organizations for deciding to leave the sponsor. These six factors were: an economic equation that favored independent provision of essential services; the presence of a previously established plan to separate; a desire to brand the project\u27s name separate from the fiscal sponsor\u27s; a wish to avoid redundant administrative systems; the actual presence of redundant administrative systems; and a sense that leaving the sponsor was a natural part of the project\u27s maturation. Five additional factors played a lesser role in the decision-making. Those factors were: pressure from funders to leave; interpersonal conflicts with the sponsor; a desire for more autonomous decision-making; a power-struggle dynamic with the sponsor; and a perceived lack of value for the sponsorship fee

Streams of events and performance of queuing systems: The basic anatomy of arrival/departure processes, when focus is set on autocorrelation

Judging from the vast number of articles in the field of queuing simulation, that assumes i.i.d. in one or more of the stochastic processes used to model the situation at hand, often without much validation, it seems that sequence independence must be a very basic property of many real life situation or at least a very sound approximation. However, on the other hand, most actual decision making is based upon information taken from the past - where else! In fact the only real alternative that comes into my mind is to let a pair of dices fully and completely rule behaviour, but I wonder if such a decision setup is that widespread in consequent use anywhere. So, how come that sequence independence is so relatively popular in describing real system processes? I can only think of three possible explanations to this dilemma - (1) either sequence dependence is present, but is mostly not of a very significant nature or (2) aggregate system behaviour is in general very different from just the summing-up (even for finite sets of micro-behavioural patterns) and/or (3) it is simply a wrong assumption that in many cases is chosen by mere convention or plain convenience. It is evident that before choosing some arrival processes for some simulation study a thorough preliminary analysis has to be undertaken in order to uncover the basic time series nature of the interacting processes. Flexible methods for generating streams of autocorrelated variates of any desired distributional type, such as the ARTA method or some autocorrelation extended descriptive sampling method, can then easily be applied. The results from the Livny, Melamed and Tsiolis (1993) study as well as the results from this work both indicates that system performance measures as for instance average waiting time or average time in system are significantly influenced by the taken i.i.d. versus the autocorrelations assumptions. Plus/minus 35% in performance, but most likely a worsening, is easily observed, when comparing even moderate (probably more realistic) autocorrelation assumptions with the traditionally and commonly used i.i.d. assumptions.Autocorrelation; queuing systems; TES method; ARTA method Descriptive/Selective sampling; Simulation; Job/flow-shop; performance; control

From Coupling to Spectral Independence and Blackbox Comparison with the Down-Up Walk

We show that the existence of a "good"' coupling w.r.t. Hamming distance for any local Markov chain on a discrete product space implies rapid mixing of the Glauber dynamics in a blackbox fashion. More specifically, we only require the expected distance between successive iterates under the coupling to be summable, as opposed to being one-step contractive in the worst case. Combined with recent local-to-global arguments \cite{CLV21}, we establish asymptotically optimal lower bounds on the standard and modified log-Sobolev constants for the Glauber dynamics for sampling from spin systems on bounded-degree graphs when a curvature condition \cite{Oll09} is satisfied. To achieve this, we use Stein's method for Markov chains \cite{BN19, RR19} to show that a "good" coupling for a local Markov chain yields strong bounds on the spectral independence of the distribution in the sense of \cite{ALO20}. Our primary application is to sampling proper list-colorings on bounded-degree graphs. In particular, combining the coupling for the flip dynamics given by \cite{Vig00, CDMPP19} with our techniques, we show optimal $O(n\log n)$ mixing for the Glauber dynamics for sampling proper list-colorings on any bounded-degree graph with maximum degree $\Delta$ whenever the size of the color lists are at least $\left(\frac{11}{6} - \epsilon\right)\Delta$, where $\epsilon \approx 10^{-5}$ is small constant. While $O(n^{2})$ mixing was already known before, our approach additionally yields Chernoff-type concentration bounds for Hamming Lipschitz functions in this regime, which was not known before. Our approach is markedly different from prior works establishing spectral independence for spin systems using spatial mixing \cite{ALO20, CLV20, CGSV20, FGYZ20}, which crucially is still open in this regime for proper list-colorings.Comment: v2: accepted to RANDOM 2021, comments welcome

New modelling technique for aperiodic-sampling linear systems

A general input-output modelling technique for aperiodic-sampling linear systems has been developed. The procedure describes the dynamics of the system and includes the sequence of sampling periods among the variables to be handled. Some restrictive conditions on the sampling sequence are imposed in order to guarantee the validity of the model. The particularization to the periodic case represents an alternative to the classic methods of discretization of continuous systems without using the Z-transform. This kind of representation can be used largely for identification and control purposes.Comment: 19 pages, 0 figure