112,228 research outputs found

    Identification of test cases for Automated Driving Systems using Bayesian optimization

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    With advancements in technology, the automotive industry is experiencing a paradigm shift from assisted driving to highly automated driving. However, autonomous driving systems are highly safety critical in nature and need to be thoroughly tested for a diverse set of conditions before being commercially deployed. Due to the huge complexities involved with Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Automated Driving Systems (ADS), traditional software testing methods have well-known limitations. They also fail to cover the infinite number of adverse conditions that can occur due to a slight change in the interactions between the environment and the system. Hence, it is important to identify test conditions that push the vehicle under test to breach its safe boundaries. Hazard Based Testing (HBT) methods, inspired by Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA), identify such parameterized test conditions that can lead to system failure. However, these techniques fall short of discovering the exact parameter values that lead to the failure condition. The presented paper proposes a test case identification technique using Bayesian Optimization. For a given test scenario, the proposed method learns parameter values by observing the system's output. The identified values create test cases that drive the system to violate its safe boundaries. STPA inspired outputs (parameters and pass/fail criteria) are used as inputs to the Bayesian Optimization model. The proposed method was applied to an SAE Level-4 Low Speed Automated Driving (LSAD) system which was modelled in a driving simulator

    Comprehensive concept-phase system safety analysis for hybrid-electric vehicles utilizing automated driving functions

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    2019 Summer.Includes bibliographical references.Automotive system safety (SS) analysis involving automated driving functions (ADFs) and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) is an active subject of research but highly proprietary. A comprehensive SS analysis and a risk informed safety case (RISC) is required for all complex hybrid-vehicle builds especially when utilizing ADFs and ADAS. Industry standard SS procedures have been developed and are accessible but contain few detailed instructions or references for the process of completing a thorough automotive SS analysis. In this work, a comprehensive SS analysis is performed on an SAE-Level 2 autonomous hybrid-vehicle architecture in the concept phase which utilizes lateral and longitudinal automated corrective control actions. This paper first outlines a proposed SS process including a cross-functional SS working group procedure, followed by the development of an item definition inclusive of the ADFs and ADAS and an examination of 5 hazard analysis and risk assessment (HARA) techniques common to the automotive industry that were applied to 11 vehicle systems, and finally elicits the safety goals and functional requirements necessary for safe vehicle operation. The results detail functional failures, causes, effects, prevention, and mitigation methods as well as the utility of, and instruction for completing the various HARA techniques. The conclusion shows the resulting critical safety concerns for an SAE Level-2 autonomous system can be reduced through the use of the developed list of 116 safety goals and 950 functional safety requirements

    Have We Ever Encountered This Before? Retrieving Out-of-Distribution Road Obstacles from Driving Scenes

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    In the life cycle of highly automated systems operating in an open and dynamic environment, the ability to adjust to emerging challenges is crucial. For systems integrating data-driven AI-based components, rapid responses to deployment issues require fast access to related data for testing and reconfiguration. In the context of automated driving, this especially applies to road obstacles that were not included in the training data, commonly referred to as out-of-distribution (OoD) road obstacles. Given the availability of large uncurated recordings of driving scenes, a pragmatic approach is to query a database to retrieve similar scenarios featuring the same safety concerns due to OoD road obstacles. In this work, we extend beyond identifying OoD road obstacles in video streams and offer a comprehensive approach to extract sequences of OoD road obstacles using text queries, thereby proposing a way of curating a collection of OoD data for subsequent analysis. Our proposed method leverages the recent advances in OoD segmentation and multi-modal foundation models to identify and efficiently extract safety-relevant scenes from unlabeled videos. We present a first approach for the novel task of text-based OoD object retrieval, which addresses the question ''Have we ever encountered this before?''.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, and 3 table

    ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ вопросы ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ рСгулирования использования Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ с Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ систСмой воТдСния

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    In the context of a fundamental change in the fundamental approaches to building a traffic management system, traditionally based on establishing the driver’s duty to ensure constant control over the traffic situation and, accordingly, presuming his responsibility for harm caused by a source of increased danger, the problem of legal regulation of the use of highly automated vehicles equipped with an automated driving system that does not provide for participation of the driver in the dynamic control of the car becomes not only relevant in theoretical, but also especially significant from practical aspects.The objective of the comprehensive study being conducted by the authors was to identify and visualise key groups of problems of legal regulation of the operation of cars with an automated driving system, to formulate proposals for their solution as part of a subsequent systemic legal study. This article is devoted to the results of consideration of the first block of the identified issues.Using the methods of the system-legal approach, formal-logical and formal-dogmatic analysis, the authors have identified the most problematic issues of legalising the terminology used in positive law and scientific sources. In particular, options for identifying the essential features of highly automated cars are proposed with the purpose to further legislatively determine the cars that should be classified as highly automated, to reveal which software and hardware complex can be considered an automated driving system, etc.Based on the results of solving the scientific problem, which consists in determining the directions for adapting the legislation governing the requirements for safety of vehicles and the procedure for their admission to operation for the needs of the widespread introduction of highly automated vehicles, the research can be carried out in two directions at the same time: to develop upper-level, essential requirements to safety and to develop specific, purely technical requirements for automated driving systems, as well as to develop a methodology for testing them.As a part of the taxonomic analysis carried out by the authors to determine, on a fundamentally new basis, the range of rights and obligations of the participants in the relations under the study, it is proposed to highlight the problem of distinguishing between situations in which the driver needs to take an active part in driving a car from situations in which he is not required to be actively involved. into this process.When considering issues of liability for harm caused by a car with an automated driving system, the article focuses on the need to solve the problem of balancing the responsibility of the car owner and the manufacturer, which can be facilitated by the application of methods of comparative legal analysis.Π’ условиях ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ измСнСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ систСмы ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ двиТСния, Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ основанной Π½Π° установлСнии обязанности водитСля ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ постоянный ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ обстановкой ΠΈ, соотвСтствСнно, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π·ΡŽΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ отвСтствСнности Π·Π° Π²Ρ€Π΅Π΄, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‘Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ источником ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ опасности, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ рСгулирования примСнСния высокоавтоматизированных транспортных срСдств, оснащённых Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ систСмой воТдСния, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ участия водитСля Π² динамичСском ΡƒΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΌ, становится Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π² тСорСтичСском, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ особо Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π² практичСском аспСктах.ЦСлями вСдущСгося Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ комплСксного исслСдования стали выявлСниС ΠΈ визуализация ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ обСспСчСния использования Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ с Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ систСмой воТдСния, Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ Π² Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ систСмно-ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ исслСдования. Π’ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ рассмотрСния ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… вопросов.Π‘ использованиСм ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ систСмно-ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ-догматичСского Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ вопросы Π»Π΅Π³Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π΅ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… источниках. Π’ частности, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ‹ Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ выявлСния сущностных ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² высокоавтоматизированных Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Π² интСрСсах ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ опрСдСлСния Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ отнСсСны ΠΊ высокоавтоматизированным, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎ-Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ комплСкс ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΡΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ систСмой воТдСния ΠΈ Ρ‚.ΠΏ.По Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ, состоящСй Π² ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π°, Ρ€Π΅Π³ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ трСбования ΠΊ бСзопасности транспортных срСдств ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ€Ρƒ ΠΈΡ… допуска ΠΊ эксплуатации ΠΊ потрСбностям ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ внСдрСния высокоавтоматизированных Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ, Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ сдСлан Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ данная Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π²Π΅ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡΡŒ Π² Π΄Π²ΡƒΡ… направлСниях ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ: ΠΏΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ΅ Π²Π΅Ρ€Ρ…Π½Π΅ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ…, сущностных Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ бСзопасности ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ…, сугубо тСхничСских Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ систСмам воТдСния, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡ… испытаний.Π’ Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… осущСствлСния таксономичСского Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, осущСствлённого Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π² цСлях опрСдСлСния ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠ³Π° ΠΏΡ€Π°Π² ΠΈ обязанностСй участников исслСдуСмых ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ прСдлагаСтся особо Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡƒ разграничСния ситуаций, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŽ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ участиС Π² ΡƒΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΌ, ΠΎΡ‚ ситуаций, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ трСбуСтся Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ вовлСчСния Π² этот процСсс.ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ рассмотрСнии вопросов отвСтствСнности Π·Π° Π²Ρ€Π΅Π΄, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‘Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΌ с Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ систСмой воТдСния, дСлаСтся Π°ΠΊΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ баланса отвСтствСнности Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΡ†Π° автомобиля ΠΈ изготовитСля, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌΡƒ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°

    The highD Dataset: A Drone Dataset of Naturalistic Vehicle Trajectories on German Highways for Validation of Highly Automated Driving Systems

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    Scenario-based testing for the safety validation of highly automated vehicles is a promising approach that is being examined in research and industry. This approach heavily relies on data from real-world scenarios to derive the necessary scenario information for testing. Measurement data should be collected at a reasonable effort, contain naturalistic behavior of road users and include all data relevant for a description of the identified scenarios in sufficient quality. However, the current measurement methods fail to meet at least one of the requirements. Thus, we propose a novel method to measure data from an aerial perspective for scenario-based validation fulfilling the mentioned requirements. Furthermore, we provide a large-scale naturalistic vehicle trajectory dataset from German highways called highD. We evaluate the data in terms of quantity, variety and contained scenarios. Our dataset consists of 16.5 hours of measurements from six locations with 110 000 vehicles, a total driven distance of 45 000 km and 5600 recorded complete lane changes. The highD dataset is available online at: http://www.highD-dataset.comComment: IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) 201

    Paving the Roadway for Safety of Automated Vehicles: An Empirical Study on Testing Challenges

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    The technology in the area of automated vehicles is gaining speed and promises many advantages. However, with the recent introduction of conditionally automated driving, we have also seen accidents. Test protocols for both, conditionally automated (e.g., on highways) and automated vehicles do not exist yet and leave researchers and practitioners with different challenges. For instance, current test procedures do not suffice for fully automated vehicles, which are supposed to be completely in charge for the driving task and have no driver as a back up. This paper presents current challenges of testing the functionality and safety of automated vehicles derived from conducting focus groups and interviews with 26 participants from five countries having a background related to testing automotive safety-related topics.We provide an overview of the state-of-practice of testing active safety features as well as challenges that needs to be addressed in the future to ensure safety for automated vehicles. The major challenges identified through the interviews and focus groups, enriched by literature on this topic are related to 1) virtual testing and simulation, 2) safety, reliability, and quality, 3) sensors and sensor models, 4) required scenario complexity and amount of test cases, and 5) handover of responsibility between the driver and the vehicle.Comment: 8 page
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