Muse, 2005-11-24

Memorial University of Newfoundland's student newspaper, providing coverage of university life as well as national and international news relating to students.Frequency: biweekly, 1951-present. Not published: March 1954? - April 1955. Includes advertisements

Atlantic cod aquaculture: Boom, bust, and rebirth?

The commercialization of a new species through aquaculture is much more complex than the mastery of the production process, or closing the loop, as it is sometimes referred to. Commercial aquaculture is a layer within the global seafood industry, much as wild capture is; however, it places human control at a much earlier phase in the life cycle of the harvested product. As an important species on both sides of the Atlantic, the commercialization efforts for the culture of Atlantic cod are described for four locations, Norway, United Kingdom, New England, and Atlantic Canada that highlight many similar technical challenges and the progress made from the late 1980s through 2012. We also describe some of the marketing challenges faced and how they differ. Technically, the species has been commercialized. Hatcheries and farms in all four countries were successfully established. However, there are clear differences in access to capital for research and industrial expansion from both the private and public sector, social acceptance of farmed fish, as well as the impacts on sales when marketing farmed cod in the context of a global seafood supply. Lower cost species substitution, from either the farmed or wild catch, is also a factor that can have a significant impact on long-term successful commercialization.publishedVersio

Newsletter, 2002-01, no. 20

The newsletter contains both association business and material of interest to midwives and related health care workers.The Association's name has changed several times based on the newsletter: from January 1992 - January 1997 it was The Alliance of Nurse-Midwives, Maternity and Neonatal Nurses, dropping the "Nurse-" after July 1994; from March 1997 - September 2000 it was Newfoundland and Labrador Midwives Association, and the issue numbering was reset; and in January 2001 it became Association of Midwives of Newfoundland and Labrador

Muse, 2006-03-23

Memorial University of Newfoundland's student newspaper, providing coverage of university life as well as national and international news relating to students.Frequency: biweekly, 1951-present. Not published: March 1954? - April 1955. Includes advertisements

Podocarpus in the palaeogeographically complex island of Hispaniola: A stepping-stone colonization and conservation recommendations

Aim: Hispaniola is the second largest island in the Caribbean and a hot spot of biodiversity. The island was formed by the fusion of a northern and southern palaeo-islands during the mid-Miocene (15 Ma). The historical split of Hispaniola together with repeated marine incursions during the Pleistocene is known to have influenced lineage divergence and genetic structure in a few birds and mammals, but the effect on vascular plants is less understood. The conifer genus Podocarpus has two species, P.hispaniolensis and P.buchii, that are endemic to the mountains of Hispaniola and are IUCN endangered. The former occurs in the mountains of the north, and the latter in the south, with a region of sympatry in the Cordillera Central. Here, we evaluate the historical split of the two palaeo-islands and repeated marine incursions as dispersal barriers to the geographical distribution of genetic diversity, genetic structure, divergence patterns and the historical demography of the two species. Location: Hispaniola island, Caribbean. Methods: Using genotyping-by-sequencing in 47 Podocarpus samples, we identified two sets of single nucleotide polymorphisms for our analyses (74,260 and 22,657 SNPs). We conducted a phylogenetic and an approximate Bayesian computation analysis to test evolutionary hypotheses of sympatric and allopatric speciation and stepping-stone colonization. Results: Podocarpus showed a population genetic structure that corresponds to the geographic distribution of the species. Podocarpus on Hispaniola fit a stepping-stone colonization model with bottlenecks at each mountain colonization event and speciation in Cordillera Central. Main conclusions: The historical events in question did not seem to have influenced the genetic structure, diversity or demography of Podocarpus; instead, the current geographic barriers imposed by lowland xeric valleys did. The clear divergence between species together with the elevated within-population genetic diversity and significant genetic structure calls for a multi-population in situ conservation of each species.Fil: Nieto Blázquez, María Esther. Memorial University Of Newfoundland. Faculty Of Science; Canadá. Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre; AlemaniaFil: Quiroga, María Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Premoli Il'grande, Andrea Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Roncal, Julissa. Memorial University Of Newfoundland. Faculty Of Science; Canad

The influence of high-amplitude acoustic deterrents on the distribution, abundance, and behaviour of baleen whales

The influence of high-amplitude acoustic deterrents (HAADs) on mysticetes, including humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus), and minke whales (B. acutorostrata), was investigated at Cape Saint Francis, Newfoundland, Canada during the summers of 1995 and 1996. The influence of HAADs on baleen whale distribution, abundance, and behaviour was evaluated by shore-based monitoring of a study site. A HAADs system was moored inshore at a water depth of 10m and the average sound pressure level of these pulses was 194 dB re luPa at 1 m with energy concentrated around 10 kHz and a single harmonic at 20 kHz. The acoustic device was randomly operated on a 24 hour basis (either 'on' or 'off). Observers stationed on a 60m cliff documented species, number of individuals, behaviour and presence/absence of vessels in the area with each whale sighting throughout the day. Whale movements were tracked with a theodolite and observers were unaware of the operating condition of HAADs. The distance between whale sightings and HAADs was quantified to determine whale distribution, sighting rate was calculated as a measure of abundance, and the proportion of behaviours were compared between operating condition of HAADS. Results indicated that operation of HAADs was significantly related to the distribution and abundance of baleen whales and may relate to transient and residential species differently. Despite considerable variation in the number of whale sightings between years, overall distance and sighting trends suggest that humpback and fin whales demonstrated an avoidance of operating HAADs while minke whales exhibited no influence and/or an attraction to operating HAADs. This result suggests that transient whale species are displaced from areas with operating HAADs, while resident species remain in areas with operating HAADs. To mitigate any possible influences on baleen whales from HAADs, deterrent usage could be seasonally adjusted to avoid biologically important habitats and high concentrations of whales

Results from a Search for the Best Linear Approximation of a Block Cipher

In this paper, we investigate the application of an algorithm to find the best linear approximation of a basic Substitution-Permutation Network block cipher. The results imply that, while it is well known that the S-box used for the Advanced Encryption Standard has good nonlinear properties, it is straightforward to randomly select other S-boxes which are able to provide a similar level of security, as indicated by the exact bias of the best linear approximation found by the algorithm, rather than a simple upper bound on the maximum bias

ZOOTAXA: Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda

Keys are provided for the identification of the nematode species known to be parasites of Canadian fishes. The nematodes are described and illustrated, with a note of the site(s) they occupy in named fish host(s) and their geographical distribution. Parasite records are given by author and date, full details of which can be found in a bibliography of over 800 references. Diagnoses and keys for 22 Families, 47 genera and 88 species of nematodes are also given, together with a glossary of terms, a host-parasite list, and indices to both nematode parasites and host

The Effect of Temperature on the Development, Growth and Survival of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) During Early Life-Histories

For poikilothennic animals, and in particular those that inhabit aquatic habitats, temperature has a significant effect on all life processes. The purpose of this research was to investigate the contribution of temperature on embryonic development and survival and its effect on vital rates. Of particular interest was what aspect(s) of egg and larval life-histories are most affected by temperature and what consequence temperature effects may have on cumulative mortality. Three batches of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) eggs were acquired from a Newfoundland source of adult broodstock held at 4555°C. The eggs were divided andacclimated to four constant temperature regimes at approximately 2,4,8 and 12°C. Observations on development, growth and survival were made approximately every 4 degree days (mean temperature X number of days). Measurements taken included development stage for egg and yolk-sac period larvae, standard length of larvae, yolk-sac area, and the mortality of eggs and larvae. The analysis of size and development stage at hatch shows that the two measures are correlated. During the yolk-sac period, development-based changes in length largely eliminated any early differences in size. There was no relationship between size at hatch and the incidence of first-feeding larvae, but there was a dome-shaped relationship between temperature and the incidence of first-feeding. Relationships between the environmental temperature and rates of mortality, growth, development and yolk-sac absorption were constructed. Data were collected from two synchronized experiments. Experiment 1 was designed to evaluate the effects of temperature on the development of eggs and then on the growth of larvae. While collecting development and growth information, the yolk-sac size, feeding incidence and the condition of larvae were also noted. Experiment 2 was set up to evaluate the effects of temperature on the mortality of eggs and larvae. Temperature affected egg development and mortality, and larval growth, yolk-absorption, feeding and larval mortality, all known as vital rates. Increasing temperature exponentially decreased the time it took to reach the point at which feeding is initiated. The post yolk-sac growth for all temperatures resulted in a log-normal relationship. From the growth-temperature relationship, the maximum slope, where the growth rate per degree is maximized, and a temperature where growth per day was maximized was calculated. The predicted temperature of maximum growth rate was 7.g°C, and the predicted temperature the growth rate per degree was maximized was 4.2 C. A linear regression model best described the rate of yolk reduction across the different temperatures. The mean survival time during the egg stage showed an exponential decrease with temperature. The mean survival time for larvae resulted in a log-normal model, again with decreasing survival times with increasing temperature. The results are discussed in reference to normal temperature effects, which cause increasing vital rates with increasing temperature, and negative temperature effects, which changes the relative metabolic cost at different temperatures. Negative effects begin to dominate outside a optimal range of temperatures between 4-8°C. The temperature of maximum growth rate per degree is suggested as the optimal temperature for growth for larval cod in the field

Marine stock enhancement : a critical review of the past and a look to the future within coastal community-based marine reserves

The diversity of life in the oceans is being radically changed by the rapidly increasing and potentially irreparable consequences of human activity. Past and present methods of fisheries management globally are ineffective in mitigating the problems and pressure being inflicted on the marine environment. With the human population growing and the abundance of protein in the oceans declining, it is apparent that a new form of integrated management be established for the marine ecosystem. This new way of managing could be possible with the integration of Marine Stock Enhancement science and Marine Protected Areas. Though current enhancement projects are on the rise, they are concentrated in artificially rearing and releasing fish into the wild. This can negatively affect the functioning of reproduction of the system in a number of ways. A promising alternate approach would be Enhancement of Reproductive Potential, by way of 'catch, grow-out and release'. The method aims at improving recruitment of a fish population by growing out wild produced juvenile and then releasing them back into the wild after a period of time, inflicting no detriment to the system. This technique enables the fish to grow faster than their wild counterparts and potentially reaching sexual maturity in less time. Under the protection of a regulated Marine Protected Area this method could prove to be effective in restoring fish populations in coastal waters, while at the same time economically benefiting local communities by way of sustainable fisheries and tourism. An integrated approach to the management of the oceans is necessary to reach the common goal of restoring and maintaining a diverse marine environment for the future and conserving an important resource