SCADA and related technologies for irrigation district modernization

Presented at SCADA and related technologies for irrigation district modernization: a USCID water management conference on October 26-29, 2005 in Vancouver, Washington.Includes bibliographical references.Overview of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) -- Total Channel Control™ - The value of automation in irrigation distribution systems -- Design and implementation of an irrigation canal SCADA -- All American Canal Monitoring Project -- Taking closed piping flowmeters to the next level - new technologies support trends in data logging and SCADA systems -- Real-time model-based dam automation: a case study of the Piute Dam -- Effective implementation of algorithm theory into PLCs -- Optimal fuzzy control for canal control structures -- SCADA over Zigbee™ -- Synchronous radio modem technology for affordable irrigation SCADA systems -- A suggested criteria for the selection of RTUs and sensors -- Irrigation canals in Spain: the integral process of modernization -- Ten years of SCADA data quality control and utilization for system management and planning modernization -- Moderately priced SCADA implementation -- Increasing peak power generation using SCADA and automation: a case study of the Kaweah River Power Authority -- Eastern Irrigation District canal automation and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) -- Case study on design and construction of a regulating reservoir pumping station -- Saving water with Total Channel Control® in the Macalister Irrigation District, Australia -- Leveraging SCADA to modernize operations in the Klamath Irrigation Project -- A 2005 update on the installation of a VFD/SCADA system at Sutter Mutual Water Company -- Truckee Carson Irrigation District Turnout Water Measurement Program -- The myth of a "Turnkey" SCADA system and other lessons learned -- Canal modernization in Central California Irrigation District - case study -- Remote monitoring and operation at the Colorado River Irrigation District -- Web-based GIS decision support system for irrigation districts -- Using RiverWare as a real time river systems management tool -- Submerged venturi flume -- Ochoco Irrigation District telemetry case study -- Uinta Basin Replacement Project: a SCADA case study in managing multiple interests and adapting to loss of storage -- Training SCADA operators with real-time simulation -- Demonstration of gate control with SCADA system in Lower Rio Grande Valley, in Texas -- Incorporating sharp-crested weirs into irrigation SCADA systems

Control Structures for Low-Emission Combustion in Multi-Cylinder Engines

Traditionally, heavy-duty diesel engines have high efficiencies but also high emissions of NOx and soot particles. New engine concepts show the potential to retain diesel-like efficiencies while reducing emissions by forming a completely or partially homogeneous mixture of fuel and air prior to ignition through compression. The long ignition delay required to form this homogeneous mixture makes the combustion process less predictable and inherently more difficult to control. This thesis summarizes work on control structures for three different setups of such low-emissions combustion engines. In a port-fuel injection engine, it was shown that combining two control variables in a mid-ranging control structure can address the problem of actuator saturation. In a fumigation engine, control was proven to be a powerful tool for automatic calibration in a laboratory setting. In a direct injection engine, LQG controllers were designed to optimize an emissions trade-off cost function during transients. Experiments were performed on a six-cylinder heavy-duty engine, and multi-cylinder effects and complications were explicitly considered in the work

SCADA and related technologies

Presented at SCADA and related technologies for irrigation district modernization, II: a USCID water management conference held on June 6-9, 2007 in Denver, Colorado.SCADA systems in irrigation districts have focused on remote monitoring and remote control. In many districts, the remote control is manual, but in others the automation of structures is enabled through the usage of distributed control for the automation of individual structures. This paper presents the concept of an expanded, "umbrella" SCADA system that will perform the standard functions of remote control and remote monitoring, and will also incorporate information flow in the field for operators. The umbrella SCADA system will mesh the equipment-equipment information into an equipment-program-personnel network

SCADA and related technologies

Presented at SCADA and related technologies for irrigation district modernization, II: a USCID water management conference held on June 6-9, 2007 in Denver, Colorado.Northern Water (Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District) conducted field demonstrations and comparisons of flow monitoring equipment at 18 canal and ditch sites in the lower South Platter River Basin during the 2006 irrigation season. Equipment included data loggers from 8 different manufacturers, 16 different models of water level sensors from 12 manufacturers, and 4 different types of telemetry from 7 manufacturers. The data loggers that were demonstrated included four models of single-sensor with integrated data logger, four models of programmable multi-sensor data logger, and one model of basic, low-cost data logger without telemetry. Relative equipment costs for each data logger system are summarized in Table 6. The water level sensors tested included submersible pressure transducers, optical shaft encoders, ultrasonic distance sensors, bubbler level sensor, float and pulley with potentiometer, buoyancy sensor, and a laser distance sensor. Bench checks of sensor calibrations were accomplished by Northern Water staff before field installation, and again at the end of the irrigation season. Observed sensor accuracy was compared to that expected from manufacturer specifications. The telemetry systems tested in the field included license-free spread-spectrum radios from four manufacturers, licensed radio modems in the 450 MHz range, satellite radio modems to a web server, and cdma modems with static IP addresses. Increased mast height and high gain directional antenna improved radio telemetry as expected. Additionally, operational files were utilized to document telemetry performance when available. The purpose and intent of the equipment demonstration and comparison was not to identify a single best data logger, sensor, and/or telemetry system. Each has different features and strengths, as well as varying costs. For each specific flow monitoring application, different equipment may be preferred or better suited than other equipment. However, the 2006 demonstration and comparison should provide a reference point for those seeking to become more knowledgeable in equipment selection while avoiding unpleasant surprises

Cycle-to-cycle control of multiple input-multiple output manufacturing processes

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2005."June 2005."Includes bibliographical references (leaves 199-200).In-process closed-loop control of many manufacturing processes is impractical owing to the impossibility or the prohibitively high cost of placing sensors and actuators necessary for in-process control. Such processes are usually left to statistical process control methods, which only identify problems without specifying solutions. In this thesis, we look at a particular kind of manufacturing process control, cycle-to-cycle control. This type of control is similar to the better known run-by-run control. However, it is developed from a different point of view allowing easy analysis of the process' transient closed-loop behavior due to changes in the target value or to output disturbances. Both types are methods for using feedback to improve product quality for processes that are inaccessible within a single processing cycle but can be changed between cycles. Through rigorous redevelopment of the control equations, we show these methods are identical in their response to output disturbances, but different in their response to changes in the target specification. Next, we extend these SISO results to multiple input-multiple output processes. Gain selection, stability, and process variance amplification results are developed. Then, the limitation of imperfect knowledge of the plant model is imposed. This is consistent with manufacturing environments that require minimal cost and number of tests in determining a valid process model. The effects of this limitation on system performance and stability are discussed. To minimize the number of pre-production experiments, a generic, easily calibrated model is developed for processes with a regional-type coupling between the inputs and outputs, in which one input affects a region of outputs.(cont.) This model can be calibrated in just two experiments and is shown to be a good predictor of the output. However, it is determined that models for this class of process are ill- conditioned for even moderate numbers of inputs and outputs. Therefore, controller design methods that do not rely on direct plant gain inversion are sought and a representative set is selected: LQR, LQG, and H-infinity. Robust stability bounds are computed for each design and all results are experimentally verified on a 110 input- 10 output discrete-die sheet metal forming process, showing good agreement.by Adam Kamil Rzepniewski.Ph.D

Bibliographical review on cyber attacks from a control oriented perspective

This paper presents a bibliographical review of definitions, classifications and applications concerning cyber attacks in networked control systems (NCSs) and cyber-physical systems (CPSs). This review tackles the topic from a control-oriented perspective, which is complementary to information or communication ones. After motivating the importance of developing new methods for attack detection and secure control, this review presents security objectives, attack modeling, and a characterization of considered attacks and threats presenting the detection mechanisms and remedial actions. In order to show the properties of each attack, as well as to provide some deeper insight into possible defense mechanisms, examples available in the literature are discussed. Finally, open research issues and paths are presented.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft