3 research outputs found

    Quaternion-Based Robust Attitude Estimation Using an Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter

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    This paper presents the Quaternion-based Robust Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter (QRAUKF) for attitude estimation. The proposed methodology modifies and extends the standard UKF equations to consistently accommodate the non-Euclidean algebra of unit quaternions and to add robustness to fast and slow variations in the measurement uncertainty. To deal with slow time-varying perturbations in the sensors, an adaptive strategy based on covariance matching that tunes the measurement covariance matrix online is used. Additionally, an outlier detector algorithm is adopted to identify abrupt changes in the UKF innovation, thus rejecting fast perturbations. Adaptation and outlier detection make the proposed algorithm robust to fast and slow perturbations such as external magnetic field interference and linear accelerations. Comparative experimental results that use an industrial manipulator robot as ground truth suggest that our method overcomes a trusted commercial solution and other widely used open source algorithms found in the literature

    ์ ๋ถ„ ๋ฐ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์œตํ•ฉ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋™์ž‘์—์„œ ๋ณดํ–‰ ํ•ญ๋ฒ•

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2020. 8. ๋ฐ•์ฐฌ๊ตญ.In this dissertation, an IA-PA fusion-based PDR (Pedestrian Dead Reckoning) using low-cost inertial sensors is proposed to improve the indoor position estimation. Specifically, an IA (Integration Approach)-based PDR algorithm combined with measurements from PA (Parametric Approach) is constructed so that the algorithm is operated even in various poses that occur when a pedestrian moves with a smartphone indoors. In addition, I propose an algorithm that estimates the device attitude robustly in a disturbing situation by an ellipsoidal method. In addition, by using the machine learning-based pose recognition, it is possible to improve the position estimation performance by varying the measurement update according to the poses. First, I propose an adaptive attitude estimation based on ellipsoid technique to accurately estimate the direction of movement of a smartphone device. The AHRS (Attitude and Heading Reference System) uses an accelerometer and a magnetometer as measurements to calculate the attitude based on the gyro and to compensate for drift caused by gyro sensor errors. In general, the attitude estimation performance is poor in acceleration and geomagnetic disturbance situations, but in order to effectively improve the estimation performance, this dissertation proposes an ellipsoid-based adaptive attitude estimation technique. When a measurement disturbance comes in, it is possible to update the measurement more accurately than the adaptive estimation technique without considering the direction by adjusting the measurement covariance with the ellipsoid method considering the direction of the disturbance. In particular, when the disturbance only comes in one axis, the proposed algorithm can use the measurement partly by updating the other two axes considering the direction. The proposed algorithm shows its effectiveness in attitude estimation under disturbances through the rate table and motion capture equipment. Next, I propose a PDR algorithm that integrates IA and PA that can be operated in various poses. When moving indoors using a smartphone, there are many degrees of freedom, so various poses such as making a phone call, texting, and putting a pants pocket are possible. In the existing smartphone-based positioning algorithms, the position is estimated based on the PA, which can be used only when the pedestrian's walking direction and the device's direction coincide, and if it does not, the position error due to the mismatch in angle is large. In order to solve this problem, this dissertation proposes an algorithm that constructs state variables based on the IA and uses the position vector from the PA as a measurement. If the walking direction and the device heading do not match based on the pose recognized through machine learning technique, the position is updated in consideration of the direction calculated using PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and the step length obtained through the PA. It can be operated robustly even in various poses that occur. Through experiments considering various operating conditions and paths, it is confirmed that the proposed method stably estimates the position and improves performance even in various indoor environments.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ €๊ฐ€ํ˜• ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ณดํ–‰ํ•ญ๋ฒ•์‹œ์Šคํ…œ (PDR: Pedestrian Dead Reckoning)์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž๊ฐ€ ์‹ค๋‚ด์—์„œ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ด๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋™์ž‘ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„ ์šด์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก, ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ธก์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ ๋ถ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํƒ€์›์ฒด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ž์„ธ ์ถ”์ • ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์™ธ๋ž€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ•์ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•™์Šต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ์ธ์‹ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉ, ๋™์ž‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธก์ •์น˜ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์œ„์น˜ ์ถ”์ • ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ด๋™ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํƒ€์›์ฒด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ ์‘ ์ž์„ธ ์ถ”์ •์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž์„ธ ์ถ”์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• (AHRS: Attitude and Heading Reference System)์€ ์ž์ด๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์ด๋กœ ์„ผ์„œ์˜ค์ฐจ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฆฌํ”„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ธก์ •์น˜๋กœ ๊ฐ€์†๋„๊ณ„์™€ ์ง€์ž๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์† ๋ฐ ์ง€์ž๊ณ„ ์™ธ๋ž€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์„ธ ์ถ”์ • ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ถ”์ • ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํƒ€์›์ฒด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ ์‘ ์ž์„ธ ์ถ”์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธก์ •์น˜ ์™ธ๋ž€์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์™ธ๋ž€์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒ€์›์ฒด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •์น˜ ๊ณต๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•ด์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ ์‘ ์ถ”์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •์น˜ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์™ธ๋ž€์ด ํ•œ ์ถ•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋‘ ์ถ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ํ•ด์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ธก์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”, ๋ชจ์…˜ ์บก์ณ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์ž์„ธ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋™์ž‘์—์„œ๋„ ์šด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ ๋ถ„ ๋ฐ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์œตํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณดํ–‰ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์‹ค๋‚ด๋ฅผ ์ด๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์ž์œ ๋„๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „ํ™” ๊ฑธ๊ธฐ, ๋ฌธ์ž, ๋ฐ”์ง€ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ๋„ฃ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋™์ž‘์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ณดํ–‰ ํ•ญ๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ณดํ–‰์ž์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ž์„ธ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์œ„์น˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ๋ถ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํƒœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์œ„์น˜ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •์น˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•™์Šต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ์‹ํ•œ ๋™์ž‘์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ฃผ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ง„ํ–‰ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„, ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์€ ๋ณดํญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธํ•ด ์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ณดํ–‰ ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋™์ž‘์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ•์ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์šด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋™์ž‘ ์ƒํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ„์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹ค๋‚ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋„ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation and Background 1 1.2 Objectives and Contribution 5 1.3 Organization of the Dissertation 6 Chapter 2 Pedestrian Dead Reckoning System 8 2.1 Overview of Pedestrian Dead Reckoning 8 2.2 Parametric Approach 9 2.2.1 Step detection algorithm 11 2.2.2 Step length estimation algorithm 13 2.2.3 Heading estimation 14 2.3 Integration Approach 15 2.3.1 Extended Kalman filter 16 2.3.2 INS-EKF-ZUPT 19 2.4 Activity Recognition using Machine Learning 21 2.4.1 Challenges in HAR 21 2.4.2 Activity recognition chain 22 Chapter 3 Attitude Estimation in Smartphone 26 3.1 Adaptive Attitude Estimation in Smartphone 26 3.1.1 Indirect Kalman filter-based attitude estimation 26 3.1.2 Conventional attitude estimation algorithms 29 3.1.3 Adaptive attitude estimation using ellipsoidal methods 30 3.2 Experimental Results 36 3.2.1 Simulation 36 3.2.2 Rate table experiment 44 3.2.3 Handheld rotation experiment 46 3.2.4 Magnetic disturbance experiment 49 3.3 Summary 53 Chapter 4 Pedestrian Dead Reckoning in Multiple Poses of a Smartphone 54 4.1 System Overview 55 4.2 Machine Learning-based Pose Classification 56 4.2.1 Training dataset 57 4.2.2 Feature extraction and selection 58 4.2.3 Pose classification result using supervised learning in PDR 62 4.3 Fusion of the Integration and Parametric Approaches in PDR 65 4.3.1 System model 67 4.3.2 Measurement model 67 4.3.3 Mode selection 74 4.3.4 Observability analysis 76 4.4 Experimental Results 82 4.4.1 AHRS results 82 4.4.2 PCA results 84 4.4.3 IA-PA results 88 4.5 Summary 100 Chapter 5 Conclusions 103 5.1 Summary of the Contributions 103 5.2 Future Works 105 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 125 Acknowledgements 127Docto
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