Short courses of daily prednisolone during upper respiratory tract infections reduce relapse frequency in childhood nephrotic syndrome

Background Relapses of childhood nephrotic syndrome (NS) are frequently precipitated by viral upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). A review of the literature reveals that in patients with steroid-dependent NS on alternate day corticosteroids, a short course of daily corticosteroid therapy during the course of an URTI may reduce relapse frequency. Objective To assess the effect of a short course of low-dose corticosteroid therapy during the course of an URTI on relapse frequency in patients with steroid-sensitive NS who have not been taking any treatment for a minimum period of 3 months. Methods A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial was conducted on 48 patients with idiopathic NS who had not been receiving corticosteroid therapy for a minimum of 3 months. Patients were randomized into two groups. Group A received 5 days of daily prednisolone at 0.5 mg/kg at the onset of an URTI while group B received 5 days of placebo. Both groups were followed up for 1 year and the URTI-induced relapse frequency was noted. A crossover was performed during the next year, with group A receiving placebo and group B receiving prednisolone. Results Thirty-three patients completed the study. In the treatment group, 115 episodes of URTI led to 11 relapses while in the control group 101 episodes of URTI led to 25 relapses. There was no significant difference between the mean number of URTIs between the treatment and control groups. The treatment group had significantly less relapses compared to the control group (p = 0.014). Within the treatment group, 65.6% did not relapse, while the remainder had a single relapse. In contrast, only 40.6% of the control group remained in remission while 40.6% suffered a single relapse and 18.8% had two or more relapses. Conclusions Prescribing a short course of daily corticosteroids during an URTI significantly reduces the frequency of URTI-induced relapse in patients with steroid-responsive NS who are off corticosteroid therapy

Obesidad infantil como factor de riesgo para neumonía adquirida en la comunidad complicada en niños de 2 a 5 años

Determinar que la obesidad infantil es un factor de riesgo para neumonía adquirida en la comunidad complicada en niños de 2 a 5 años. Material y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio de casos y controles retrospectivos y analítico, donde se evaluó a 65 casos y 65 controles, en relación a la presencia o no de complicaciones en una neumonía adquirida en la comunidad. Resultados: Del total de pacientes con NAC complicada, el 44.6% de ellos presentaron obesidad infantil; y del total de pacientes sin NAC complicada, el 22,7% presentaron obesidad infantil El riesgo relativo de obesidad infantil en relación a NAC complicada fue de 2.10 (p<0.05). Se encontró significancia en una sola variable interviniente, la cual fue lactancia materna exclusiva. Conclusiones: La obesidad es factor de riesgo para neumonía adquirida en la comunidad complicada en niños de 2 a 5 años en el hospital Belén de TrujilloTo determine that childhood obesity is a risk factor for complicated community-acquired pneumonia in children 2 to 5 years of age. Material and methods: A retrospective and analytical case-control study was carried out, where 65 cases and 65 controls were evaluated in relation to the presence or absence of complications in community-acquired pneumonia. Results: Of the total number of patients with complicated CAP, 44.6% of them presented childhood obesity; and of the total number of patients without complicated CAP, 22.7% had childhood obesity. The relative risk of childhood obesity in relation to complicated CAP was 2.10 (p <0.05). Significance was found in a single intervening variable, which was exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusions: Obesity is a risk factor for complicated community-acquired pneumonia in children aged 2 to 5 years at the Belén de Trujillo hospitalTesi

Is there a link between the pathogenic human Coronavirus envelope protein and immunopathology? A review of the literature

Since the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003, human coronaviruses (hCoVs) have been identified as causative agents of severe acute respiratory tract infections. Two more hCoV outbreaks have since occurred, the most recent being SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The clinical presentation of SARS and MERS is remarkably similar to COVID-19, with hyperinflammation causing a severe form of the disease in some patients. Previous studies show that the expression of the SARS-CoV E protein is associated with the hyperinflammatory response that could culminate in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a potentially fatal complication. This immunemediated damage is largely caused by a cytokine storm, which is induced by significantly elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, which are partly mediated by the expression of the SARS-CoV E protein

Иммунологические механизмы у часто болеющих детей

Departamentul Pediatrie, USMF Nicolae TestemițanuThe purpose of this article is highlighting the pathogenic mechanisms in respiratory recurrences in children in the context of the morpho-functional peculiarities of this system in children, in acute viral infections - key factors in triggering acute respiratory relapses. As a result of frequent respiratory infections there are hypersensitivity, new allergic states, exacerbation of chronic disease and the formation of new ones at various sites. Respiratory recurrences manifestation requires differentiation from primary immunodeficiency in children. Defense system in children aged up to 5 years, unlike adults, is immature and is manifested by transient immunocompetence: quantitative and functional deficit of T-cell, cytokine synthesis deficit, immunoglobulin A, M, and G transient deficit, granulocyte, and mononuclear chemo taxis deficit. However, at those frequently ill ,certain changes intercellular interaction of immune system maintain, increase the level of cytokines IL-2, IL-4 and IL-6, IL-8 accompanied by the decrease in cell cytotoxicity, immunoglobulin disorder, increase expressing cells receptors, with the interferon genesis depletion and maintaining a latent inflammation in the absence of clinical signs. The increased incidence of respiratory morbidity in children, in most cases, is generated by reducing the body’s immune response capacity against the background of unfavorable antenatal and postnatal factors Целью данной статьи стало определение значимости патогенетических механизмов у часто болеющих детей острыми респираторными заболеваниями, в контексте возрастных морфофункциональных особенностей защитной системы у детей при острых вирусных инфекциях – решающие факторы в провоцировании острых респираторных рецидивов. В результате частых респираторных инфекций формируется гиперчувствительность, новые аллергические состояния, обострения хронического заболевания и формирование новых с различными локализациями. Проявление респираторных рецидивов требует дифференцировки от первичного иммунодефицита у детей. Защитная система у ребенка до 5 лет, в отличии от взрослого, недоразвитa и проявляется транзиторными изменениями: количественный и функциональный дефицит Т-клеток, дефицит синтеза цитокинов, транзиторный дефицит иммуноглобулинов А,M, иG, гранулоцитарный дефицит и мононуклеарный хемотаксис. Но у часто болеющих детей поддерживаются четкие нарушения межклеточного взаимоотношения иммунной системы, рост уровня цитокинов IL-2, IL-4иIL-6, IL-8, сопровождающийся уменьшением клеточной цитотоксичности, дисглобулинемии, рост уровня клеток представляющих рецепторы, истощение резервов интерфероногенеза и поддержание латентного воспаления при отсутствии клинических симптомов. Повышенная респираторная заболеваемость у детей, чаще всего, основана на снижении способности иммунного ответа организма на фоне неблагоприятных анте- и постнатальных факторов

Smoking cessation interventions with inpatients for a cardiovascular disease: a literature review

The tobacco is an important risk factor for development of cardiovascular diseases. Hospitalization of these patients gives us an excellent opportunity to help them to quit smoking. However, few studies have evaluated what type of intervention is most effective for this population. Therefore, the aim of this study is to review treatments for smoking cessation that have been applied to patients hospitalized with cardiovascular disease in the last decade, in order to determine their effectiveness and establish what would be most appropriate. To achieve this, we searched the Cochrane Tobacco registration Addiction Group and the databases Medline, PsycInfo, PubMed, and CSIC. As a consequence, 16 studies fulfilling inclusion criteria were found, although treatments components and intensity differ greatly from one study to another. It was concluded that while brief advice increases cessation compared with no intervention, the most effective interventions are those of greater intensity that last for at least three months after hospital dischargeEl tabaco es un importante factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares y la hospitalización por este tipo de enfermedades brinda una excelente oportunidad para ayudar a dejar de fumar. Sin embargo, son pocas las intervenciones que se han llevado a cabo con estos pacientes y máxime a nivel hospitalario. El objetivo de este estudio es hacer una revisión acerca de las intervenciones para dejar de fumar realizadas con pacientes hospitalizados por enfermedad cardiovascular en la última década, con el objetivo de determinar su eficacia y conocer cuál resulta más adecuada. Para ello, se realizaron búsquedas en el registro de la Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group así como en las bases de datos Medline, PsycINFO, PubMed y CSIC. Los 16 estudios hallados que cumplían los criterios de inclusión muestran importantes diferencias tanto en cuanto a los componentes que integran las intervenciones como en la intensidad de las mismas. Se concluye que si bien el consejo breve incrementa el abandono del tabaco en comparación con la no intervención, las intervenciones más efectivas son aquellas de mayor intensidad que tienen continuación durante al menos tres meses tras el alta hospitalariaS

Silver Nanoparticles - Preparation Methods and Anti-Bacterial/Viral Remedy Impacts against COVID 19

Silver has been an influential segment of pharmaceutical utilization for remedies & hygiene in the latest era. The first topic reviews the study on air sanitization ventilation & air sanitizer systems using laser ablated silver nanoparticles (inspired by 2020 Pandemic) directing to contamination of deadly biological particles. Intention of this investigation is to validate possible antiviral silver nanoparticles construction to be distributed by retention, to abate the aggravation of breathing organs flu. The underlying description of investigation consists of bibliometric reasoning of the review of the outcome of silver nanoparticles on the sterilization of viral ailments. The investigation will deliberate the approach of use of laser ablated silver nanoparticles for anti-actions. The chapter outcomes in the fascinating utilization of silver nanoparticles for pharmaceutical purposes for contagious diseases, viruses or bacteria and devotes to the upgradation of therapeutic education to safeguard health care workers from threatening viruses at therapeutic organizations. Morally, the investigation will obtain a hygienic scheme, which might be installed at every communal or individual places cost-effectively including silver nanoparticles (because of their therapeutic properties). The second section of investigation considers distinct techniques for manufacturing silver nanoparticles. The various schemes have been compared based on their pros & cons. The method of laser ablation for generating nanoparticles underwater is briefed. The intention of this part is to disclose the current & anticipation probabilities of the process - laser ablation, as a profitable and eco-favorable innovation for manufacturing silver nanoparticle in liquid solutions. The chapter is motivated by two of our reviewed papers i.e., “Antibacterial and anti-viral effects of silver nanoparticles in medicine against covid 19” and “Methods for obtaining silver nanoparticles”

Pathogenic human Coronavirus envelope protein: A clear link to Immunopathology?

Since the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003, human coronaviruses (hCoVs) have been identified as causative agents of severe acute respiratory tract infections. Two more hCoV outbreaks have since occurred, the most recent being SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The clinical presentation of SARS and MERS is remarkably similar to COVID-19, with hyperinflammation causing a severe form of the disease in some patients

Removal of oil and grease from agro-food industrial effluent using Serratia marcescens SA30 and its kinetic study

Agro-food industrial effluent (AFIE) may contain high concentration of oil and grease (O&G), which poses a major threat to aquatic environments, killing or adversely affecting fish and other aquatic organisms. Even though biosorption techniques are commonly used to remove inorganic and organic matters from wastewater, the kinetics and mechanisms of O&G removal from AFIE by Serratia marcescens SA30 immobilised in a packed-bed column reactor (PBCR) need to be verified. The aims of this study were to perform characterisation of beneficial strain of biosurfactant-producing bacteria in order to investigate their ability to remove O&G from water, to develop kinetic models for predicting the efficiency of O&G removal from AFIE and to apply modified mass transfer factor models for assessing the mechanisms and mass transfer resistance for the biosorption of O&G from AFIE by Serratia marcescens SA30. The performance of PBCR achieved 91% of efficiency using Serratia marcescens SA30 as oil-degrading bacteria. The best performance of nearly 100% efficiency can be achieved by experiments run at a fixed volumetric flow rate of 0.18 L h-1, even during treatment using two different concentrations of O&G at 26.9 and 33.5 g L-1 to feed the reactor. The results show the applicability of linear and logarithmic equations with high validity. The resistance to mass transfer could be dependent on intracellular accumulation at the beginning and then on film mass transfer at the final stage of O&G biosorption by Serratia marcescens SA30. The well verified experimental data of kinetic models and mass transfer mechanisms give significant contributions to the development of biosorption theory and an insight of using new approaches to improve environmental quality. This study would provide a green and sustainable pathway for removing O&G from water