Advances in Extreme Learning Machines

Nowadays, due to advances in technology, data is generated at an incredible pace, resulting in large data sets of ever-increasing size and dimensionality. Therefore, it is important to have efficient computational methods and machine learning algorithms that can handle such large data sets, such that they may be analyzed in reasonable time. One particular approach that has gained popularity in recent years is the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), which is the name given to neural networks that employ randomization in their hidden layer, and that can be trained efficiently. This dissertation introduces several machine learning methods based on Extreme Learning Machines (ELMs) aimed at dealing with the challenges that modern data sets pose. The contributions follow three main directions.    Firstly, ensemble approaches based on ELM are developed, which adapt to context and can scale to large data. Due to their stochastic nature, different ELMs tend to make different mistakes when modeling data. This independence of their errors makes them good candidates for combining them in an ensemble model, which averages out these errors and results in a more accurate model. Adaptivity to a changing environment is introduced by adapting the linear combination of the models based on accuracy of the individual models over time. Scalability is achieved by exploiting the modularity of the ensemble model, and evaluating the models in parallel on multiple processor cores and graphics processor units. Secondly, the dissertation develops variable selection approaches based on ELM and Delta Test, that result in more accurate and efficient models. Scalability of variable selection using Delta Test is again achieved by accelerating it on GPU. Furthermore, a new variable selection method based on ELM is introduced, and shown to be a competitive alternative to other variable selection methods. Besides explicit variable selection methods, also a new weight scheme based on binary/ternary weights is developed for ELM. This weight scheme is shown to perform implicit variable selection, and results in increased robustness and accuracy at no increase in computational cost. Finally, the dissertation develops training algorithms for ELM that allow for a flexible trade-off between accuracy and computational time. The Compressive ELM is introduced, which allows for training the ELM in a reduced feature space. By selecting the dimension of the feature space, the practitioner can trade off accuracy for speed as required.    Overall, the resulting collection of proposed methods provides an efficient, accurate and flexible framework for solving large-scale supervised learning problems. The proposed methods are not limited to the particular types of ELMs and contexts in which they have been tested, and can easily be incorporated in new contexts and models

Reliability of Extreme Learning Machines

Neumann K. Reliability of Extreme Learning Machines. Bielefeld: Bielefeld University Library; 2014.The reliable application of machine learning methods becomes increasingly important in challenging engineering domains. In particular, the application of extreme learning machines (ELM) seems promising because of their apparent simplicity and the capability of very efficient processing of large and high-dimensional data sets. However, the ELM paradigm is based on the concept of single hidden-layer neural networks with randomly initialized and fixed input weights and is thus inherently unreliable. This black-box character usually repels engineers from application in potentially safety critical tasks. The problem becomes even more severe since, in principle, only sparse and noisy data sets can be provided in such domains. The goal of this thesis is therefore to equip the ELM approach with the abilities to perform in a reliable manner. This goal is approached in three aspects by enhancing the robustness of ELMs to initializations, make ELMs able to handle slow changes in the environment (i.e. input drifts), and allow the incorporation of continuous constraints derived from prior knowledge. It is shown in several diverse scenarios that the novel ELM approach proposed in this thesis ensures a safe and reliable application while simultaneously sustaining the full modeling power of data-driven methods