Cognitive radio systems in LTE networks

This thesis was submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel University London.The most important fact in the mobile industry at the moment is that demand for wireless services will continue to expand in the coming years. Therefore, it is vital to find more spectrums through cognitive radios for the growing numbers of services and users. However, the spectrum reallocations, enhanced receivers, shared use, or secondary markets-will not likely, by themselves or in combination, meet the real exponential increases in demand for wireless resources. Network operators will also need to re-examine network architecture, and consider integrating the fibre and wireless networks to address this issue. This thesis involves driving fibre deeper into cognitive networks, deploying microcells connected through fibre infrastructure to the backbone LTE networks, and developing the algorithms for diverting calls between the wireless and fibre systems, introducing new coexistence models, and mobility management. This research addresses the network deployment scenarios to a microcell-aided cognitive network, specifically slicing the spectrum spatially and providing reliable coverage at either tier. The goal of this research is to propose new method of decentralized-to-distributed management techniques that overcomes the spectrum unavailability barrier overhead in ongoing and future deployments of multi-tiered cognitive network architectures. Such adjustments will propose new opportunities in cognitive radio-to-fibre systematic investment strategies. Specific contributions include: 1) Identifying the radio access technologies and radio over fibre solution for cognitive network infrastructure to increase the uplink capacity analysis in two-tier networks. 2) Coexistence of macro and microcells are studied to propose a roadmap for optimising the deployment of cognitive microcells inside LTE macrocells in the case of considering radio over fibre access systems. 3) New method for roaming mobiles moving between microcells and macrocell coverage areas is proposed for managing spectrum handover, operator database, authentication and accounting by introducing the channel assigning agent entity. The ultimate goal is to reduce unnecessary channel adaptation

GREEN RADIO COMMUNICATIONS IN 5G NETWORKS TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND REDUCE GLOBAL WARMING

The technology of green radio communication helps in reducing the emission of carbon and also helps in the process of reducing the consumption of energy by the base stations of wireless networks. In addition to that, with the help of tools such as Information Communication Technology (ICT) and Multi-Hop Relay Network (MHR), the functionalities and the operational attributes of the technology of green radio communication can be improved and the process of energy consumption gets better as well. It is found from the discussion that green networking technology has mainly two core components and the two core components are energy awareness and energy efficiency. The ability of the network to measure the cost per packet is called energy awareness. On the other hand, the ability of a network to decrease the contribution of carbon and extend the lifetime of the network can be called energy efficiency. In addition, the implementation of the technology of green radio communication helps in mitigating the issue of future energy crises. Additionally, it has also been understood that Green communication in terms of energy efficiency can help IT industry which has been extensively criticised for the contribution of the carbon emissions as well as the failure to respond to the negative impact on the whole climate. In fact, the next generation networks have imposed the challenges in terms of the provision of the energy efficient solutions which are provided and the transportation of the data along with the huge range of the quality of the services requirement as well as the tolerance of lower optimum services.The technology of green radio communication helps in reducing the emission of carbon and also helps in the process of reducing the consumption of energy by the base stations of wireless networks. In addition to that, with the help of tools such as Information Communication Technology (ICT) and Multi-Hop Relay Network (MHR), the functionalities and the operational attributes of the technology of green radio communication can be improved and the process of energy consumption gets better as well. It is found from the discussion that green networking technology has mainly two core components and the two core components are energy awareness and energy efficiency. The ability of the network to measure the cost per packet is called energy awareness. On the other hand, the ability of a network to decrease the contribution of carbon and extend the lifetime of the network can be called energy efficiency. In addition, the implementation of the technology of green radio communication helps in mitigating the issue of future energy crises. Additionally, it has also been understood that Green communication in terms of energy efficiency can help IT industry which has been extensively criticised for the contribution of the carbon emissions as well as the failure to respond to the negative impact on the whole climate. In fact, the next generation networks have imposed the challenges in terms of the provision of the energy efficient solutions which are provided and the transportation of the data along with the huge range of the quality of the services requirement as well as the tolerance of lower optimum services

Radio network management in cognitive LTE-Femtocell Systems

This thesis was submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel University London.There is a strong uptake of femtocell deployment as small cell application platforms in the upcoming LTE networks. In such two-tier networks of LTEfemtocell base stations, a large portion of the assigned spectrum is used sporadically leading to underutilisation of valuable frequency resources. Novel spectrum access techniques are necessary to solve these current spectrum inefficiency problems. Therefore, spectrum management solutions should have the features to improve spectrum access in both temporal and spatial manner. Cognitive Radio (CR) with the Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) is considered to be the key technology in this research in order to increase the spectrum efficiency. This is an effective solution to allow a group of Secondary Users (SUs) to share the radio spectrum initially allocated to the Primary User (PUs) at no interference. The core aim of this thesis is to develop new cognitive LTE-femtocell systems that offer a 4G vision, to facilitate the radio network management in order to increase the network capacity and further improve spectrum access probabilities. In this thesis, a new spectrum management model for cognitive radio networks is considered to enable a seamless integration of multi-access technology with existing networks. This involves the design of efficient resource allocation algorithms that are able to respond to the rapid changes in the dynamic wireless environment and primary users activities. Throughout this thesis a variety of network upgraded functions are developed using application simulation scenarios. Therefore, the proposed algorithms, mechanisms, methods, and system models are not restricted in the considered networks, but rather have a wider applicability to be used in other technologies. This thesis mainly investigates three aspects of research issues relating to the efficient management of cognitive networks: First, novel spectrum resource management modules are proposed to maximise the spectrum access by rapidly detecting the available transmission opportunities. Secondly, a developed pilot power controlling algorithm is introduced to minimise the power consumption by considering mobile position and application requirements. Also, there is investigation on the impact of deploying different numbers of femtocell base stations in LTE domain to identify the optimum cell size for future networks. Finally, a novel call admission control mechanism for mobility management is proposed to support seamless handover between LTE and femtocell domains. This is performed by assigning high speed mobile users to the LTE system to avoid unnecessary handovers. The proposed solutions were examined by simulation and numerical analysis to show the strength of cognitive femtocell deployment for the required applications. The results show that the new system design based on cognitive radio configuration enable an efficient resource management in terms of spectrum allocation, adaptive pilot power control, and mobile handover. The proposed framework and algorithms offer a novel spectrum management for self organised LTE-femtocell architecture. Eventually, this research shows that certain architectures fulfilling spectrum management requirements are implementable in practice and display good performance in dynamic wireless environments which recommends the consideration of CR systems in LTE and femtocell networks

The socio-economic impacts of urban regeneration programmes as a tool of housing in post-socialist era: a comparison of Hungarian case studies

Nzimande, Ntombifuthi Precious. The socio-economic impacts of urban regeneration programs as a tool of housing in post-socialist era: a comparison of Hungarian case studies. University of Szeged (Hungary), November 2022. Directors: Prof. Tivadar Tóth, Dr. György Csomós, Dr. Erika Nagy, Dr. Márton Berki & Dr. Márton Kiss

Strategies for sustainable socio-economic development and mechanisms their implementation in the global dimension

The authors of the book have come to the conclusion that it is necessary to effectively use modern approaches to developing and implementation strategies of sustainable socio-economic development in order to increase efficiency and competitiveness of economic entities. Basic research focuses on economic diagnostics of socio-economic potential and financial results of economic entities, transition period in the economy of individual countries and ensuring their competitiveness, assessment of educational processes and knowledge management. The research results have been implemented in the different models and strategies of supply and logistics management, development of non-profit organizations, competitiveness of tourism and transport, financing strategies for small and medium-sized enterprises, cross-border cooperation. The results of the study can be used in decision-making at the level the economic entities in different areas of activity and organizational-legal forms of ownership, ministries and departments that promote of development the economic entities on the basis of models and strategies for sustainable socio-economic development. The results can also be used by students and young scientists in modern concepts and mechanisms for management of sustainable socio-economic development of economic entities in the condition of global economic transformations and challenges

An organisational and consumer perspective on bottom of the pyramid (BOP) markets

The inception of the bottom of the pyramid (BOP) market concept emphasised the immense buying power hidden in emerging markets, which was a prospect for large organisations to share mutual opportunities while alleviating poverty. Researchers have analysed both sides of the coin individually: the organisational perspective with business models and strategies; and the consumer perspective through various marketing strategies and consumer characteristics. This thesis examines both organisational and consumer perspectives on the BOP market in Sri Lanka using a sequential mixed-method approach aligned under four phases of studies. The findings of the qualitative studies on organisational perspective confirm the market opportunities for large companies, particularly in the rural BOP market, but also find that the focus of alleviating poverty is lacking among practitioners. The role of government as a stakeholder is essential for an effective implementation of a business model in this specific market. The consumer perspective on this shared agenda reveals many underlying issues embedded in consumers' lives, such as the youth and women job market problems, religious syncretism, alcoholism and the poverty penalty, which limit the capacity for consumption. The survey study phase on consumer resource integration finds that the use of consumer knowledge and competencies to manage limited tangible resources is at a lower level in BOP markets. Reconciliation of both standpoints leads to the conclusion that careful consideration for truly helping the poor is vital for a strategic view on `sharing the fortune' in BOP markets. An attitudinal change is required on both edges to view the collective benefits accessible to all stakeholders. The study provides several key implications for marketing practitioners and policy-makers through a shared view of the BOP market