Assessing the UK policies for broadband adoption

Broadband technology has been introduced to the business community and the public as a rapid way of exploiting the Internet. The benefits of its use (fast reliable connections, and always on) have been widely realised and broadband diffusion is one of the items at the top of the agenda for technology related polices of governments worldwide. In this paper an examination of the impact of the UK government’s polices upon broadband adoption is undertaken. Based on institutional theory a consideration of the manipulation of supply push and demand pull forces in the diffusion of broadband is offered. Using primary and secondary data sources, an analysis of the specific institutional actions related to IT diffusion as pursued by the UK government in the case of broadband is provided. Bringing the time dimension into consideration it is revealed that the UK government has shifted its attention from supply push-only strategies to more interventional ones where the demand pull forces are also mobilised. It is believed that this research will assist in the extraction of the “success factors” in government intervention that support the diffusion of technology with a view to render favourable results if applied to other national settings

Anatomy of the Third-Party Web Tracking Ecosystem

The presence of third-party tracking on websites has become customary. However, our understanding of the third-party ecosystem is still very rudimentary. We examine third-party trackers from a geographical perspective, observing the third-party tracking ecosystem from 29 countries across the globe. When examining the data by region (North America, South America, Europe, East Asia, Middle East, and Oceania), we observe significant geographical variation between regions and countries within regions. We find trackers that focus on specific regions and countries, and some that are hosted in countries outside their expected target tracking domain. Given the differences in regulatory regimes between jurisdictions, we believe this analysis sheds light on the geographical properties of this ecosystem and on the problems that these may pose to our ability to track and manage the different data silos that now store personal data about us all

Digital Identity Scheme

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 행정대학원 글로벌행정전공, 2023. 2. Junki Kim.디지털 아이덴티티는 디지털 서비스와의 상호작용에서 개인을 고유하게 차별화하는 속성을 의미한다. 따라서 디지털 아이덴티티 전략은 디지털 아이덴티티 라이프사이클을 관리하는 정책, 기술, 조직 및 프로세스의 잘 설계된 집합체이다. 이는 디지털 변환의 필수 요소이며 디지털 신뢰를 강화하기 위한 핵심 요소이다. 그런 맥락에서, 이 논문은 국가 차원에서 디지털 아이덴티티 체계를 관리하는 데 있어 어려움을 이해하는 것을 목표로 한다. 정확성, 포괄성, 안전성, 사용 가능한 디지털 ID의 이점은 공공 및 민간 부문, 아카데미 및 국제 조직에 의해 널리 인식되고 있다. 이와 더불어 COVID-19의 세계적인 확산으로 인해 사회적 거리두기 조치와 비대면 거래가 증가하면서, 우리는 정부와 기업에 의해 개발되는 디지털 인증 플랫폼이 발전하는 것을 볼 수 있다. 그 결과, 대한민국(이하 한국)과 페루와 같은 나라들은 핸드폰, 인공지능, 빅데이터, 상호운용성, 데이터센터와 같은 부상한 기술을 활용하여 식별 및 인증 프로세스의 효율성을 높이기 위해 서로 다른 종류의 이니셔티브와 플랫폼을 개발, 시행하고 있다. 이에 따라 현재까지 정부24를 전자정부 공식포털로, 디지털원패스(Digital ONEPASS)를 디지털인증플랫폼으로 구현해 시민 비대면 인증이 가능하도록 하고 있으며, 주민등록제도(RRS)도 한국 디지털 아이덴티티 제도의 핵심요소로 자리매김하고 있다. 이와 비슷하게 페루의 경우 기존의 전자정부 접근 방식이 디지털 정부라는 새로운 패러다임으로 변모하였다는 것과, 디지털 기술은 더 이상 기술적 문제가 아니라 정치, 법률, 협력적 문제라는 이해를 바탕으로 2018년 디지털 정부가 제정되었다. 디지털 정체성을 강화하기 위해 두 개의 디지털 플랫폼이 시행되고 있는데, 하나는 시민 지향의 단일 디지털 플랫폼(GOB.PE)이며, 다른 하나는 디지털 신원 확인 및 인증을 위한 국가 플랫폼(ID)이다. 두 플랫폼은 정부에 의해 유지되고 개발된다. 이처럼 한국과 페루의 정책 사이에 유사점이 있지만 결과는 다르다. 전자정부개발지수(EDGI)에서 한국은 세계 2위, 페루는 71위, 한국은 디지털 인증 플랫폼이 구현되어 있고, 정부24는 다양한 인증을 사용하고 있다. ONE PASS, KAKAO, 삼성 PASS 등 시민을 위한 간편하고 편리한 인증 방법이 사용된다. 또한 2021년까지 정부24를 통해 온라인으로 접수된 청원은 13202만 5035건에 달하며, 증명서와 문서는 시민이 직접 프린터를 통해 출력했다. 페루의 경우 디지털 아이덴티티 전략은 디지털 정부법이 규제하는 공공부문의 디지털 아이덴티티 프레임워크를 기반으로 정부가 기본적으로 주도하는 진행형 프로세스다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 한국의 디지털 아이덴티티 전략이 개인의 디지털 아이덴티티의 정확성, 포괄성, 보안성 및 사용성을 강화하기 위해 어떤 성과를 내고 있는지 중점적으로 살펴보려고 한다. 우리는 유엔과 경제협력개발기구(OECD)가 사용하는 프레임워크를 적용한 비교 프레임워크를 활용해 유사점과 차이점을 규명할 예정이다. 한국과 페루의 비교 연구를 수행하는 시의적절하다. 왜냐하면 페루는 한국의 디지털 아이덴티티 제도의 모범 사례와 좋은 교훈을 활용할 수 있고 더 나은 정책과 결정을 설계할 수 있기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 한국과 페루의 ICT 전문가와 온라인 인터뷰를 통해 양국의 디지털 아이덴티티 체계에 대한 심층적인 이해를 창출하는 정성적 연구 방법을 활용하였다. 총 10명의 전문가를 인터뷰했는데, 전문가와의 인터뷰는 한국과 페루의 디지털 아이덴티티 진화에 대한 개요를 제공하고 페루의 디지털 아이덴티티 제도 구현 과정에서 발생하는 과제를 식별할 수 있다. 디지털 공공 서비스의 개발 및 제공을 지원하기 위한 강력하고 지속적인 디지털 리더십, 시의적절한 법적 프레임워크, 현대 ICT 기술이라는 세 가지 요소에서 큰 차이가 나타났음을 알 수 있었다. 하지만 이 연구결과는 또한 페루에서 디지털 아이덴티티 생태계를 조성하기 위한 목적으로 제도적 정비를 하고, 규제를 개선하며, 예산을 최적화한다면 큰 성과를 얻을 수 있음을 시사한다. 주요 키워드: 디지털 아이덴티티, 디지털 정부, 디지털 변환, 디지털 아이덴티티 전략Digital identity is the collection of attributes that uniquely differentiates a person in his interaction with digital services. The literature and previous research suggest that it is an essential component to the digital transformation and a vital element for strengthening the digital trust. Currently, due to worldwide spread of COVID-19, which has accelerated the digital transition in the public and private sector, the non-face-to-face transactions have been increased, coupled with cybercrimes such as identity theft, private data leakage, fraud, among other cybercrimes. In this sense, governments should become aware of the importance of digital identity management, because it is increasingly embedded in everything we do in our digital and offline life (WEF, Identity in the Digital World a new chapter in the social contract, 2018, p. 9). To deal with those issues and leverage all the potential of digital identity at national level, many countries implement a Digital Identity Scheme, which is a well-designed and articulated collection of policies, business rules, technologies, organizations, and processes in charge of governing the digital identity lifecycle to promote a digital society. Hence, countries such as The Republic of Korea (hereinafter, Korea) and The Republic of Peru (hereinafter, Peru) have been developed and implemented different kind of policies, legal instruments, initiatives, and digital technologies to enhance accessibility, efficiency and security of the identification and authentication process, for instance, Korea has issued the Electronic Government Law and implemented cross-platforms such as Government24 (정부24) as official electronic government portal, Digital ONEPASS (디지털원패스) as a digital authentication platform to enable a convenient no-face-to-face authentication of the citizens, Resident Registration System (RRS), as a fundamental national information system which manages and stores relevant personal information of Koreans, and Sharing Information System (행정정보공동이용시스템), as a interoperability platform to exchange information with governmental agencies. Moreover, Korea has a PKI Scheme which is divided into a National Public Key Infrastructure (NPKI), and a Government Public Key Infrastructure (GPKI). All these regulations, technologies and platforms are vital elements of the Korean Digital Identity Scheme. In the case of Peru, based on Law N° 26497 enacted in 1995, the government has been managing and maintaining the National Identification Registry of Peruvian. Moreover, since issuance of Digital Government Law in 2018, Peru has been implemented different kind of cross-platforms such as the Single Digital Platform for Citizen Orientation (GOB.PE), to offer one point of contact between government and citizens, National Interoperability Platform, to promote information exchange among public entities, the National Digital Government Platform, to provide cloud services to the public entities, and National Platform for Identification and Authentication of Digital Identity (ID.GOB.PE), to verify a persons identity. Although there are similarities, the outcomes are different, in the Electronic Government Development Index 2022, Korea is ranked 3rd in the world, while Peru is ranked 59th, from another side, in terms of digital identity, Korea has a digital identity ecosystem operating, for instance Government24 accepts several authentication methods which are easily and conveniently for the citizens such as ONEPASS, KAKAO, Samsung PASS, among others (MOIS, Status of Government 24, 2022). To 2021, almost 132,025,035 petitions were filed online through Government24 (MOIS, Status of Government 24, 2022). In the case of Peru, the digital identity scheme is an ongoing project, which is leading basically by the government, based on the Digital Government Law and its enforcement decree. In that vein, this research aims at understanding the components for governing and managing a Digital Identity Scheme in Korea and Peru and identifying the gap between them. Therefore, in this study we are going to focus on how the Digital Identity Scheme of Korea is performing to strengthen accuracy, inclusiveness, security, and usability of digital identity of persons. We are going to establish the similarities and differences by using a comparison framework which is an adaptation of the frameworks used by the United Nations (UN), International Telecommunication Union (UIT) and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Additionally, in this moment, undertaking a comparison study between Korea and Peru is a relevant work, because Peru is implementing transversal digital government platforms based on the Digital Government Law, and based on that we are dealing with cybercrimes and digital threats, that is why we can learn of the best practices and good lessons of the Digital Identity Scheme in Korea and design better policies and decisions for Peruvian implementation. This research was carried out by using a qualitative research method which involved online interviews with ICT specialists from Korea and Peru to generate an in-depth understanding of the digital identity scheme of both countries. A total of ten specialists were interviewed. Interviews provide an overview of the digital identity evolution in Korea and allow me to identify challenges and policy recommendations in the implementation process of Digital Identity Scheme in Peru. Based on the results the big differences are integrated in three factors: strong and continuous digital leadership, timely legal framework, and modern ICT technology to support development and public services rendering. However, the results also suggest that it is possible to get big achievements on the Digital Identity Scheme in Peru, making institutional arrangements, enhancing digital regulation and optimizing the budget with the purpose to create a sustainable digital identity ecosystem.ABSTRACT 5 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 9 LIST OF TABLES 9 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 12 1.1 STUDY BACKGROUND 12 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE COUNTRIES 20 1.3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 27 1.4 PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH 39 CHAPTER 2. KEY CONCEPTS AND FRAMEWORK 43 CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW 77 CHAPTER 4: DIGITAL IDENTITY IN KOREA AND PERU 86 4.1 LEGAL FRAMEWORK 86 4.2 TECHNOLOGY 100 4.3 GOVERNANCE AND LEADERSHIP 116 4.4 BUDGET 120 4.5 MARKET 122 4.6 FINDINGS 122 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS 132 5.1 SUMMARY OF THE THESIS 132 5.2 POLICY COMPARISON 143 5.3 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 145 5.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH 150 REFERENCES 152 APPENDICES 158 APPENDIX 1. QUESTIONNAIRE 158 APPENDIX 2. MATRIZ OF COMPARISON 167석

ELSI issues of Precision medicine - Comparison of US, South Korea, China and Mongolia focusing on informed consent and privacy

This study aims to review current precision medicine, analyze ELSI issues and compare legal and regulatory framework of informed consent and privacy issues in countries, namely US, South Korea, China and Mongolia. This has been conducted through analysis of current situation and challenges that four countries are facing in terms of informed consent and privacy issues in precision medicine. The purpose of this study is to develop recommendation for Mongolia based on three countries experiences and pros during development of precision medicine regarding informed consent and privacy. In order to carry out this study, mainly two study methods are applied. First, the literature review was performed with academic articles and reports on precision medicine and its ELSI research including informed consent and privacy issues, and officual documents from each government website. Secondly, the comparative analysis of the legal and regulatory frameworks that relate to informed consent and privacy on prevision medicine was conducted in four countries. Through the analysis, it has clearly revealed that Mongolia need to improve regulation related to informed consent, including appropriate language and terms, evaluation questions and approval of electronic version. But in Mongolia, special contemplation should be discussed in order to develop electronic informed consent due to nomadic life, lack of infrastructure, like internet, computer in remote areas, and low computer and health literacy, especially in non-capital areas. Since Mongolia is taking first step in privacy protection in context of personal information and sensitive information including genetic and biometric, several updates and recommendation could be proposed based on described approaches and solution ways from respective countries. This includes official implementation of PIPL, development of guideline for de-identification of personal information and building capacity for human resources and technology. Moreover, experience from developed countries can help improvement but approach need to be naturalized accordance with Mongolian background. Even though Mongolian government is started to focus on biomedical researches and related issues to enhance quality of research field and open more gates to researchers, infrastructure preparedness has developed very slowly. Recommendations arise from this study, may provide some opinions in building better frameworks targeting informed consent and privacy issues in Mongolian situation. Furthermore, detailed analysis from expert’s perspective will need to be conducted for achieving successful results with improvement from international experts’ experiences and support.open석

The global information technology report 2014

Executive summary When The Global Information Technology Report (GITR) and the Networked Readiness Index (NRI) were created more than 13 years ago, the attention of decision makers was focused on how to develop strategies that would allow them to benefit from what Time Magazine had described as “the new economy”: a new way of organizing and managing economic activity based on the new opportunities that the Internet provided for businesses. At present, the world is slowly emerging from one of the worst financial and economic crises in decades, and policymakers, business leaders, and civil society are looking into new opportunities that can consolidate growth, generate new employment, and create business opportunities. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) continue to rank high on the list as one of the key sources of new opportunities to foster innovation and boost economic and social prosperity, for both advanced and emerging economies. For more than 13 years, the NRI has provided decision makers with a useful conceptual framework to evaluate the impact of ICTs at a global level and to benchmark the ICT readiness and usage of their economies

The Global Dimension of the EU’s AFSJ: On Internal Transparency and External Practice

The ‘global’ forms an increasingly regular, active and explicit part of the daily business of the EU. The paper argues that there is a specific mismatch between the commitment to transparency on a daily level in international and external fields and practices of EU law and the actual substantive law-making practice evolving. While the EU’s vision of the global is to a degree the most transparent ever, the converse is not necessarily the case as to its legal content. The global dimension to EU law has increasingly expansive subjects and objectives, in areas of existing strength in global actorness (e.g. trade) and in more evolving competences (e.g. security). It argues that while the EU is a significant soft power in trade, it is arguably less so in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ) where its global reach becomes more challenging. The relative weakness of the EU’s global approach in the AFSJ is usually or acutely felt by individuals who face challenges in seeking redress increasingly as to aspects of transparency. The paper argues that there is a significant mismatch of internal transparency practices concerning the EU’s global law-making. Ultimately, mismatches between internal procedures and external law-making as to transparency operate adversely upon the global in a variety of ways, e.g. as to transparency and clarity, good administration and territoriality claims taken by individuals. It outlines the express approach to the global in EU policy in (i) migration (ii) passenger name records and the non-express approach to the ‘global’ in EU data protection and data transfers

The Inclusive Growth and Development Report 2017

Around the globe, leaders of governments and other stakeholder institutions enter 2017 facing a set of difficult and increasingly urgent questions:With fiscal space limited, interest rates near zero, and demographic trends unfavorable in many countries, does the world economy face a protracted period of relatively low growth? Will macroeconomics and demography determine the world economy's destiny for the foreseeable future?Can rising in-country inequality be satisfactorily redressed within the prevailing liberal international economic order? Can those who argue that modern capitalist economies face inherent limitations in this regard – that their internal "income distribution system" is broken and likely beyond repair – be proven wrong?As technological disruption accelerates in the Fourth Industrial Revolution, how can societies organize themselves better to respond to the potential employment and other distributional effects? Are expanded transfer payments the only or primary solution, or can market mechanisms be developed to widen social participation in new forms of economic value-creation?These questions beg the more fundamental one of whether a secular correction is required in the existing economic growth model in order to counteract secular stagnation and dispersion (chronic low growth and rising inequality). Does the mental map of how policymakers conceptualize and enable national economic performance need to be redrawn? Is there a structural way, beyond the temporary monetary and fiscal measures of recent years, to cut the Gordian knot of slow growth and rising inequality, to turn the current vicious cycle of stagnation and dispersion into a virtuous one in which greater social inclusion and stronger and more sustainable growth reinforce each other?This is precisely what government, business, and other leaders from every region have been calling for. Over the past several years, a worldwide consensus has emerged on the need for a more inclusive growth and development model; however, this consensus is mainly directional. Inclusive growth remains more a discussion topic than an action agenda. This Report seeks to help countries and the wider international community practice inclusive growth and development by offering a new policy framework and corresponding set of policy and performance indicators for this purpose

Clouds of Things. Data protection and consumer law at the intersection of cloud computing and the Internet of Things in the United Kingdom

The article critically analyses the Internet of Things (IoT) and its intersection with cloud computing, the so-called Clouds of Things (CoT). ‘Things’ are understood as any physical entity capable of connectivity that has a direct interface to the physical world (i.e. a sensing and/or actuating capability). From another perspective (especially product liability), Things can be seen as an inextricable mixture of hardware, software, and services. Alongside a clarification of the essentials, the six factors of the CoT complexity are described and light is shed on the regulatory options (regulation, co-regulation, self-regulation, holistic approach, fragmentation). Focussing on the British legal systems, the article reports on the state of the art of CoT deployment in the United Kingdom and deals with some of the main technical and legal issues emerging from CoT. Particularly, the core will be data protection, privacy, and consumer law. Indeed, these themes are considered the most relevant by the regulators. By mastering the relevant legal issues and following the example of the United Kingdom, the Republic of Korea will be able to unleash its extraordinary potential as to the IoT, thus retaining its position as the smartest country in the world

Cross-country causes and consequences of the 2008 crisis: early warning

This paper models the causes of the 2008 financial crisis together with its manifestations, using a Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause (MIMIC) model. Our analysis is conducted on a cross-section of 107 countries; we focus on national causes and consequences of the crisis, ignoring crosscountry "contagion" effects. Our model of the incidence of the crisis combines 2008 changes in real GDP, the stock market, country credit ratings, and the exchange rate. We explore the linkages between these manifestations of the crisis and a number of its possible causes from 2006 and earlier. We include over sixty potential causes of the crisis, covering such categories as: financial system policies and conditions; asset price appreciation in real estate and equity markets; international imbalances and foreign reserve adequacy; macroeconomic policies; and institutional and geographic features. Despite the fact that we use a wide number of possible causes in a flexible statistical framework, we are unable to link most of the commonly cited causes of the crisis to its incidence across countries. This negative finding in the cross-section makes us skeptical of the accuracy of "early warning" systems of potential crises, which must also predict their timing.Financial crises ; Econometric models