Work Breakdown Structure and Plant/Equipment Designation System Numbering Scheme for the High Temperature Gas- Cooled Reactor (HTGR) Component Test Capability (CTC)

This white paper investigates the potential integration of the CTC work breakdown structure numbering scheme with a plant/equipment numbering system (PNS), or alternatively referred to in industry as a reference designation system (RDS). Ideally, the goal of such integration would be a single, common referencing system for the life cycle of the CTC that supports all the various processes (e.g., information, execution, and control) that necessitate plant and equipment numbers be assigned. This white paper focuses on discovering the full scope of Idaho National Laboratory (INL) processes to which this goal might be applied as well as the factors likely to affect decisions about implementation. Later, a procedure for assigning these numbers will be developed using this white paper as a starting point and that reflects the resolved scope and outcome of associated decisions

Recommended practices for wind farm data collection and reliability assessment for O&M optimization

The paper provides a brief overview of the aims and main results of IEA Wind Task 33. IEA Wind Task 33 was an expert working group with a focus on data collection and reliability assessment for O & M optimization of wind turbines. The working group started in 2012 and finalized the work in 2016. The complete results of IEA Wind Task 33 are described in the expert group report on recommended practices for "Wind farm data collection and reliability assessment for O & M optimization" which will be published by IEA Wind in 2017. This paper briefly presents the background of the work, the recommended process to identify necessary data, and appropriate taxonomies structuring and harmonizing the collected entries. Finally, the paper summarizes the key findings and recommendations from the IEA Wind Task 33 work

Relating onshore wind turbine reliability to offshore application

With the award of the latest Round 3 offshore wind farm sites around the UK coast the wind industry is moving from the operation of near inshore to truly offshore wind farms. This has two major implications, the first being that wind turbines are now being specifically designed for offshore deployment, a key feature being that the new wind turbines are likely to be two to four times the size of the largest current onshore machines. The second is that due to the limitations of access to offshore wind turbines, their availability needs to be in the order of 98% or greater if reasonable costs of energy are to be achieved. The distance of the wind turbines from shore means that more attention needs to be given to the availability, reliability and maintainability of these offshore wind turbines. The research discussed in this report set out to examine these factors in more depth, using the reliability data of Clipper Windpower’s onshore 2.5 MW Liberty machine as the practical evidence for doing so. In analysing the data the primary aim was to build a picture of typical fault type and duration and more specifically alarm type, distribution and alarm quantity. These results were then compared with an external data source to identify common trends or major divergences and the findings used to identify potential improvements in availability, reliability and maintainability for the design of Clipper Windpower’s offshore Britannia 10 MW machine. The key conclusions of the research are that: The Britannia wind turbine pitch system needs dramatic improvement on that of the Liberty wind turbine and this requires further detailed investigation. The ability to access the wind farms quickly and cost effectively will be critical to maintaining the required levels of wind turbine availability. The Britannia wind turbine needs to be designed for reliability and availability not simply for keeping the wind turbine in a safe mode. The number and classification of alarms built into the wind turbine monitoring system needs to be critically reviewed with the aim of reducing and rationalising responses where possible

Эффективность планирования реконструкции объектов железнодорожного транспорта с применением BIM

The development of industrial enterprises and the growth of the logistics market require a new approach of planning the construction and reconstruction of railway infrastructure facilities. For the efficient functioning of the transport system, it is necessary to balance the infrastructure capacity and the needs of the freight and passenger transport market. Uneven growth in traffic volumes applies an extra load to the railway network.Reconstruction of an infrastructure facility can be considered as a phased increase in the production capacity of an enterprise, considering the indicators of net present value (NPV) and labour costs based on the dynamic programming method.The article analyses the issue of using BIM‑modelling in planning the reconstruction of railway infrastructure facilities. The concept of a digital railway is considered as an example since digital railway projects are the main drivers of the economy of many countries.Reconstruction of railways in the context of a lack of information about the existing infrastructure facility is an urgent problem for the design organization when conducting surveys in difficult conditions, agreeing on the list of engineering networks and linking the infrastructure of the design object with external asset holders.The objective of the article is to consider the dominant role of BIM for the infrastructure reconstruction projects using a method for economic assessment of investment options based on dynamic programming according to NPV indicator.Развитие предприятий промышленности и рост рынка логистических услуг требуют применения нового подхода при планировании строительства и реконструкции объектов инфраструктуры железнодорожного транспорта.Для эффективного функционирования транспортной системы необходимо сбалансировать возможности инфраструктуры и потребности рынка грузовых и пассажирских перевозок. Неравномерность роста объёмов перевозок служит дополнительной нагрузкой на сеть железных дорог. Реконструкция объекта инфраструктуры может быть рассмотрена как поэтапное усиление производственных мощностей предприятия с учётом показателей чистого дисконтированного дохода (ЧДД) и трудозатрат на основе метода динамического программирования.Реконструкция железных дорог в условиях дефицита информации о существующем объекте инфраструктуры является насущной проблемой проектной организации при проведении изысканий в стеснённых условиях, согласовании перечня инженерных сетей и увязке инфраструктуры объекта проектирования с внешними балансодержателями.В статье проанализирован вопрос применения BIM‑моделирования при планировании реконструкции объектов инфраструктуры железнодорожного транспорта. В качестве примера рассмотрена концепция цифровой железной дороги.Проекты цифровой железной дороги являются основными драйверами экономики многих стран. Целью статьи является рассмотрение ведущей роли BIM для применения в реконструкции инфраструктурных проектов, продемонстрирован метод экономической оценки вариантов инвестиционной деятельности на основе динамического программирования по показателю ЧДД

The Concepts of IEC 61346 Applied to a Software Architecture for Automation

The IEC 61346 standard establishes general principles for structuring the information of technical systems. The present document discusses the ideas shown in the standard, emphasizing the fact that some parts of it are ambiguous and can lead to different interpretations of the basic concepts. Consequently, we derive a concrete interpretation of the standard that tries to remove the ambiguities. We will apply this interpretation to the development of an industrial software platform for building automation applications

TIDAL STREAM DEVICES: RELIABILITY PREDICTION MODELS DURING THEIR CONCEPTUAL & DEVELOPMENT PHASES

Tidal Stream Devices (TSDs) are relatively new renewable energy converters. To date only a few prototypes, primarily horizontal-axis turbine designs, are operational; therefore, little reliability data has accumulated. Pressure to develop reliable sources of renewable electric power is encouraging investors to consider the technology for development. There are a variety of engineering solutions under consideration, including floating tethered, submerged tethered, ducted sea-bed bottom-mounted and sea-bed pile-mounted turbines, but in the absence of in-service reliability data it is difficult to critically evaluate comparative technologies. Developing reliability models for TSDs could reduce long-term risks and costs for investors and developers, encouraging more feasible and economically viable options. This research develops robust reliability models for comparison, defining TSD reliability block diagrams (RBD) in a rigorous way, using surrogate reliability data from similarly-rated wind turbines (WTs) and other relevant marine and electrical industries. The purpose of the research is not to derive individual TSD failure rates but to provide a means of comparison of the relative reliabilities of various devices. Analysis of TSD sub-assemblies from the major types of TSDs used today is performed to identify criticality, to improve controllability and maintainability. The models show that TSDs can be expected to have lower reliability than WTs of comparable size and that failure rates increase with complexity. The models also demonstrate that controls and drive train sub-assemblies, such as the gearbox, generator and converter, are critical to device reliability. The proposed developed models provide clear identification of required changes to the proposed TSD system designs, to raise availability, including duplication of critical systems, use of components developed for harsh environments and migration of equipment onshore, wherever practicable

Analysing the effectiveness of different offshore maintenance base options for floating wind farms

With the growth of the floating wind industry, new operation and maintenance (O&M) research has emerged evaluating tow-to-port strategies , but limited work has been done on analysing other logistical strategies for offshore floating wind farms. In particular, what logistical solutions are the best for farms located far offshore that cannot be reached by crew transfer vessels (CTVs)? Previous studies have looked at the use of surface effect ships (SES) and CTVs during the operation and maintenance (O&M) of bottom-fixed wind farms, but only some of them included service operation vessels (SOVs). This study analyses two strategies that could be used for floating wind farms located far from shore using ORE Catapult's in-house O&M simulation tool. One strategy comprises of having a SOV performing most of the maintenance on the wind farm, and the other strategy uses an offshore maintenance base (OMB) instead, which would be located next to the offshore substation and would accommodate three CTVs. This paper provides an overview of the tool and the inputs used to run it, including failure rates of floating wind turbine subsea components and their replacement costs. In total six types of simulations were run with two strategies, two different weather limits for CTVs and two weather datasets ERA5 and ERA-20C. The results of this study show that the operational expenditure (OPEX) costs for the strategy with an OMB are 5%-8% (depending on the inputs) lower than with SOV, but if capital expenditure (CAPEX) costs are included in the analysis and the net present value (NPV) is taken into account then the fixed costs associated with building the offshore maintenance base have a significant impact on selecting a preferred strategy. It was found that for the case study presented in this paper the OMB would have to share the foundation with a substation in order to be cost competitive with the SOV strategy