208 research outputs found
Recursively indexed differential pulse code modulation
The performance of a differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) system with a recursively indexed quantizer (RIQ) under various conditions, with first order Gauss-Markov and Laplace-Markov sources as inputs, is studied. When the predictor is matched to the input, the proposed system performs at or close to the optimum entropy constrained DPCM system. If one is willing to accept a 5 percent increase in the rate, the system is very forgiving of predictor mismatch
A constrained joint source/channel coder design and vector quantization of nonstationary sources
The emergence of broadband ISDN as the network for the future brings with it the promise of integration of all proposed services in a flexible environment. In order to achieve this flexibility, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) has been proposed as the transfer technique. During this period a study was conducted on the bridging of network transmission performance and video coding. The successful transmission of variable bit rate video over ATM networks relies on the interaction between the video coding algorithm and the ATM networks. Two aspects of networks that determine the efficiency of video transmission are the resource allocation algorithm and the congestion control algorithm. These are explained in this report. Vector quantization (VQ) is one of the more popular compression techniques to appear in the last twenty years. Numerous compression techniques, which incorporate VQ, have been proposed. While the LBG VQ provides excellent compression, there are also several drawbacks to the use of the LBG quantizers including search complexity and memory requirements, and a mismatch between the codebook and the inputs. The latter mainly stems from the fact that the VQ is generally designed for a specific rate and a specific class of inputs. In this work, an adaptive technique is proposed for vector quantization of images and video sequences. This technique is an extension of the recursively indexed scalar quantization (RISQ) algorithm
Study and simulation of low rate video coding schemes
The semiannual report is included. Topics covered include communication, information science, data compression, remote sensing, color mapped images, robust coding scheme for packet video, recursively indexed differential pulse code modulation, image compression technique for use on token ring networks, and joint source/channel coder design
A vector quantization approach to universal noiseless coding and quantization
A two-stage code is a block code in which each block of data is coded in two stages: the first stage codes the identity of a block code among a collection of codes, and the second stage codes the data using the identified code. The collection of codes may be noiseless codes, fixed-rate quantizers, or variable-rate quantizers. We take a vector quantization approach to two-stage coding, in which the first stage code can be regarded as a vector quantizer that “quantizes” the input data of length n to one of a fixed collection of block codes. We apply the generalized Lloyd algorithm to the first-stage quantizer, using induced measures of rate and distortion, to design locally optimal two-stage codes. On a source of medical images, two-stage variable-rate vector quantizers designed in this way outperform standard (one-stage) fixed-rate vector quantizers by over 9 dB. The tail of the operational distortion-rate function of the first-stage quantizer determines the optimal rate of convergence of the redundancy of a universal sequence of two-stage codes. We show that there exist two-stage universal noiseless codes, fixed-rate quantizers, and variable-rate quantizers whose per-letter rate and distortion redundancies converge to zero as (k/2)n -1 log n, when the universe of sources has finite dimension k. This extends the achievability part of Rissanen's theorem from universal noiseless codes to universal quantizers. Further, we show that the redundancies converge as O(n-1) when the universe of sources is countable, and as O(n-1+ϵ) when the universe of sources is infinite-dimensional, under appropriate conditions
Scaling Exponent and Moderate Deviations Asymptotics of Polar Codes for the AWGN Channel
This paper investigates polar codes for the additive white Gaussian noise
(AWGN) channel. The scaling exponent of polar codes for a memoryless
channel with capacity characterizes the closest gap
between the capacity and non-asymptotic achievable rates in the following way:
For a fixed , the gap between the capacity
and the maximum non-asymptotic rate achieved by a length- polar code
with average error probability scales as , i.e.,
.
It is well known that the scaling exponent for any binary-input
memoryless channel (BMC) with is bounded above by ,
which was shown by an explicit construction of polar codes. Our main result
shows that remains to be a valid upper bound on the scaling exponent
for the AWGN channel. Our proof technique involves the following two ideas: (i)
The capacity of the AWGN channel can be achieved within a gap of
by using an input alphabet consisting of
constellations and restricting the input distribution to be uniform; (ii) The
capacity of a multiple access channel (MAC) with an input alphabet consisting
of constellations can be achieved within a gap of by
using a superposition of binary-input polar codes. In addition, we
investigate the performance of polar codes in the moderate deviations regime
where both the gap to capacity and the error probability vanish as grows.
An explicit construction of polar codes is proposed to obey a certain tradeoff
between the gap to capacity and the decay rate of the error probability for the
AWGN channel.Comment: 24 page
Simple high-quality lossy image coding scheme
A simple yet efficient image data compression method is presented. This method is based on coding only those segments of the image that are perceptually significant to the reconstruction of the image. Sequences of image pixels whose gray-level differences from the pixels of the previous row exceed two prespecified thresholds are considered significant. These pixels are coded using a differential pulse code modulation scheme that uses a 15-level recursively indexed nonuniform quantizer for the first pixel in a segment and a 7-level recursively indexed nonuniform quantizer for all other pixels in the segment. The quantizer outputs are Huffman coded. Simulation results show that this scheme can obtain subjectively satisfactory reconstructed images at low bit rates. It is also computationally very simple, which makes it amenable to fast implementation
Generalized noise terms for the quantized fluctuational electrodynamics
The quantization of optical fields in vacuum has been known for decades, but
extending the field quantization to lossy and dispersive media in
nonequilibrium conditions has proven to be complicated due to the
position-dependent electric and magnetic responses of the media. In fact,
consistent position-dependent quantum models for the photon number in resonant
structures have only been formulated very recently and only for dielectric
media. Here we present a general position-dependent quantized fluctuational
electrodynamics (QFED) formalism that extends the consistent field quantization
to describe the photon number also in the presence of magnetic field-matter
interactions. It is shown that the magnetic fluctuations provide an additional
degree of freedom in media where the magnetic coupling to the field is
prominent. Therefore, the field quantization requires an additional independent
noise operator that is commuting with the conventional bosonic noise operator
describing the polarization current fluctuations in dielectric media. In
addition to allowing the detailed description of field fluctuations, our
methods provide practical tools for modeling optical energy transfer and the
formation of thermal balance in general dielectric and magnetic nanodevices. We
use the QFED to investigate the magnetic properties of microcavity systems to
demonstrate an example geometry in which it is possible to probe fields arising
from the electric and magnetic source terms. We show that, as a consequence of
the magnetic Purcell effect, the tuning of the position of an emitter layer
placed inside a vacuum cavity can make the emissivity of a magnetic emitter to
exceed the emissivity of a corresponding electric emitter
- …