Translation-dependent mRNA localization in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo

Includes bibliographical references.2022 Fall.Though each animal cell contains the same genetic information, cell-specific gene expression is required for embryos to develop into mature organisms. Embryos rely on maternally inherited components during early development to guide cell fate specification. In animals, de novo transcription is paused after fertilization until zygotic genome activation. Consequently, early embryos rely on post-transcriptional regulation of maternal mRNA to spatially and temporally regulate protein production. Caenorhabditis elegans has emerged as a powerful developmental model for studying mRNA localization of maternally-inherited transcripts. We have identified subsets of maternal mRNAs with cell-specific and subcellular patterning in the early C. elegans embryo. Previous RNA localization studies in C. elegans focused on maternal transcripts that cluster in the posterior lineage and showed mRNA localization occurs in a translation-independent manner through localization sequence elements in the 3'UTR. However, little is known about the mechanisms directing RNA localization to other subcellular locales in early embryos. Therefore, we sought to understand the localization of maternal transcripts found enriched at the plasma membrane and nuclear periphery, erm-1 (Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin) and imb-2 (Importin Beta), respectively. In this thesis, I characterize two different translation-dependent pathways for mRNA localization of maternal transcripts at the plasma membrane and nuclear periphery. I identified the PIP2-membrane binding region of the ERM-1 proteins is necessary for erm-1 mRNA localization while identifying additional membrane localized maternal transcripts through the presence of encoded PIP2-membrane binding domains. Additionally, I observed that mRNA localization patterns can change over developmental time corresponding to changes in translation status. For imb-2 mRNA localization, I found localization to the nuclear periphery is also translation-dependent. Through recoding the imb-2 mRNA sequence while maintaining the translated peptide sequence using alternative codons, I found both localization and transcript stability additionally depends on mRNA sequence context. These findings represent the first report of a translation-dependent localization pathway for two maternally-inherited transcripts in C. elegans and demonstrate the utility of C. elegans as a model for studying translation-dependent mRNA localization during development

Exploration of viral RNA-mediated strategies to stall and repress the cellular exoribonuclease XRN1, An

2018 Fall.Includes bibliographical references.The regulation of mRNA decay plays a vital role in determining both the level and quality control of cellular gene expression in eukaryotes. Since they are likely recognized as foreign/unwanted transcripts, viral RNAs must also successfully navigate around the cellular host RNA decay machinery to establish a productive infection. This bypass of the cellular RNA decay machinery can be accomplished in many ways, including the sequestering of regulatory proteins or inactivating enzymatic components. One attractive way for RNA viruses to undermine the cellular RNA decay machinery is to target the cellular exoribonuclease XRN1 since this enzyme plays a major role in mRNA decay, appears to coordinate transcription rates with RNA decay rates, and is localized to the cytoplasm and thus readily accessible to cytoplasmic RNA viruses. We have previously shown that many members of Flaviviridae (e.g. Dengue, West Nile, Hepatitis C and Bovine Viral Diarrhea viruses) use RNA structures in their 5' or 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) to stall and repress XRN1. This results in the stabilization of viral RNAs while also causing significant dysregulation of cellular RNA stability (and thus dysregulation of overall cellular gene expression). In this dissertation we first extend this observation to another member of the Flaviviridae, Zika virus, by demonstrating that structures in the 3' UTR of the viral genomic RNA can stall and repress XRN1. Significantly, we also demonstrate that the 3' UTR of the N mRNA of the ambisense segment of Rift Valley Fever virus, as well as two other phleboviruses of the Phenuiviridae, also can effectively stall and repress XRN1. This observation establishes XRN1 stalling in an additional family of RNA viruses, in this case in the order Bunyavirales. We have mapped the region responsible for XRN1 stalling to a G-rich core of ~50 nucleotides and provide evidence that the formation of a G-quadruplex is contributing to stalling of XRN1. In addition to phleboviruses, we also detected RNA regions that stall XRN1 in the non-coding regions of two other virus families. The 3' UTRs of all four ambisense transcripts of Junin virus, an arenavirus, stall and repress XRN1. This observation was extended to two additional arenaviruses, suggesting that XRN1 stalling may be a conserved property of the 3' UTRs in the Arenaviridae. Finally, we demonstrate that the non-coding RNA from beet necrotic yellow vein virus RNA segment 3 is produced by XRN1 stalling and requires a conserved sequence called the coremin motif. Collectively, these observations establish XRN1 stalling and repression as a major strategy used by many virus families to effectively interface with the cellular RNA decay machinery during infection. We performed two proof of principle studies to extend the significance of the observation of XRN1 stalling during RNA virus infections. First, since XRN1 stalling may be associated with successful viral gene expression as well as cytopathology, we explored whether we could identify a small molecule compound that could interfere with the knot-like three helix RNA junction structure that stalls XRN1 in the 3' UTR of flaviviruses. We tested several triptycene-based molecules, compounds that have been previously shown to intercalate into three helix junctions and identified four triptycene derivatives that interfere with XRN1 stalling. Lastly, we explored whether there might be a cellular exoribonuclease that could navigate through the well-characterized flavivirus structure that effectively stalls XRN1. Our efforts focused on the mammalian Dom3z/DXO enzyme which contains both 5' decapping and 5'-3' exoribonuclease activity. Interestingly, recombinant Dom3z/DXO enzyme did not stall on RNAs containing the 3' UTR of either Dengue virus or the Rift Valley Fever Virus N mRNA. This may suggest that there is a molecular arms race of sorts between the cell and the virus for supremacy of regulating the 5'-3' decay of RNA during infection

Développement d'un outil d'analyse d'interactions moléculaires basé sur la résonance plasmonique de surface (SPRi)

During the last decades a large number of technologies have been developed to analyze intermolecular interactions. In this context, the fluorescence biochips remain the most frequently used. Although this technology is very sensitive and multiplexed, it does not allow access to the kinetic parameters, essential to the calculation of the constants of affinity. Therefore, the research for alternative systems is essential. In this way, the Surface Plasmon Resonance imaging (SPRi) is considered as an opportunity. It is an optical detection process that can occur when a polarized light hits a prism covered by a thin metal layer. Under certain conditions free electrons at the surface of the biochip absorb incident light photons and convert them into surface plasmon waves. Perturbations at the surface of the biochip, such as an interaction between probes immobilized on the chip and targets, induce a modification of resonance conditions which can be measured. It is a label free technology which allows intermolecular interactions in real time and gives access to the kinetics parameters. However, SPRi is limited in sensitivity and multiplexing. The objectives of my PhD were to circumvent these various limits. \ud Thus, we validated the immobilization of DNA probes on gold surface using thiol-modified oligonucleotide probes. Deposition carried out on non-modified gold surface, does not require electrical stimulation and expensive specific robotic devices. The thiol modification of the probes was shown to be very stable at room temperature, contrary to pyrrole and diazonium probes that need to be prepared just prior to their spotting. We demonstrate that thiol-modified oligonucleotide probes spotted on a gold surface of the SPRi-prisms are very robust and reproducible. We also demonstrated that this simple chemistry is compatible with high density arrays fabrication bearing more than 1000 spots using a classical spotter. Furthermore, the modification of the prism surface with gold colloids and dendrimers allowed for DNA/DNA interactions, to reach a detection limit of 2 nM. \ud In parallel of this work, various biological applications were carried out and validate our previous developments. A first study was to screen G-quadruplex specific ligands to inhibit telomerase activity. We demonstrated that SPRi technology is particularly well adapted to the screening of interaction of small molecules with DNA probes and is sensitive enough to permit distinction between interactions with different DNA structures. The second study was on the bacterial partition complex. We study the DNA binding requirement involved in SopB-sopC specific interactions and analysed at the nucleotide level the bases involved in the binding efficiency and essential for the partition \ud All this PhD work improved the SPRi technology and demonstrated its great potential in biological applications.\u

La protéine Staufen1 contrôle la localisation des ARN spécifiques sur le fuseau mitotique dans les cellules de cancer colorectal humain HCT116

La protéine de liaison à l’ARN double-brin Staufen1 (STAU1) est exprimée dans les cellules de mammifères de manière ubiquitaire. STAU1 est impliqué dans la régulation post-transcriptionnelle de l’expression génique grâce à sa capacité de lier les ARN et moduler leur épissage, leur transport et localisation, leur traduction ainsi que leur dégradation. Des études récentes de notre laboratoire indiquent que l’expression de STAU1 est régulée durant le cycle cellulaire, ayant une abondance maximale au début de la mitose. En prométaphase, STAU1 est lié à des ARNm codant pour des facteurs impliqués dans la régulation de la prolifération, la croissance et la différenciation cellulaires. De plus, des analyses protéomiques menées sur des cellules humaines ont permis d’identifier STAU1 comme un composant de l’appareil mitotique. Cependant, l’importance de cette association n’a pas été investiguée. Par ailleurs, il a été montré qu’une défaillance dans l’expression ou les fonctions de STAU1 pourrait contribuer au développement et l’accélération de plusieurs maladies débilitantes, dont le cancer. Dans cette thèse, nous avons montré la localisation de STAU155 sur le fuseau mitotique dans les cellules de cancer colorectal HCT116 et les cellules non transformées hTERT-RPE1. Nous avons également caractérisé le déterminant moléculaire impliqué dans l’interaction entre STAU155 et les microtubules mitotiques, soit la séquence située dans les 88 premiers acides aminés N-terminaux de RBD2, un domaine qui n’est pas requis pour l’activité de liaison à l’ARN de STAU1. Nous avons ainsi montré que la fraction de STAU1 enrichie sur le fuseau colocalise avec des ribosomes dans des sites actifs de traduction. De plus, notre analyse transcriptomique du fuseau mitotique montre que 1054 transcrits (ARNm, pré-ARNr, lncRNA et snoRNA) sont enrichis sur l’appareil mitotique. De façon intéressante, le knockout de STAU1 entraine la délocalisation des pré-ARNr et de 154 ARNm codants pour des protéines impliquées dans l’organisation du cytosquelette d'actine et la croissance 4 cellulaire. Bien que STAU1 n’est pas essentiel pour la survie et la prolifération des cellules cancéreuses HCT116, nos résultats mettent clairement en évidence l’implication de STAU1 dans la régulation des ARN spécifiques en mitose et suggèrent un nouveau rôle de cette protéine dans la progression mitotique et la cytokinèse par la régulation de la maintenance des pré-ARNr, la ribogenèse et/ou la reconstitution de l’enveloppe nucléaire.Staufen1 (STAU1) is a double-stranded RNA-binding protein that is ubiquitously expressed in mammals and known for its involvement in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression such as splicing, transport and localization, translation, and decay. It has been demonstrated that STAU1 protein expression level is modulated through the cell cycle with peak abundance by the onset of the mitotic phase after which it is degraded. Genome-wide analysis revealed that in prometaphase, STAU1 bound with mRNAs code for factors implicated in cell differentiation, cell growth as well as for cell proliferation. Interestingly, previous large-scale proteomic studies identified STAU1 as a component of the human mitotic spindle apparatus. Altering STAU1 expression patterns or functions may lead to several debilitating human diseases including cancer. In this thesis, we further elucidated the localization of STAU1 at the mitotic spindle of the colorectal cancer HCT116 and the non-transformed hTERT-RPE1 cells. Next, we characterized the molecular determinant required for STAU1/spindle association within the first 88 N-terminal amino acids, a domain that is not required for the RNA binding activity. RNA-Seq analysis of purified mitotic spindles reveals that 1054 mRNAs as well as the precursor ribosomal RNA, lncRNAs and snoRNAs are enriched on spindles compared to cell extracts. Spindle-associated STAU1 partly co-localizes with ribosomes and active sites of translation. Interestingly, the knockout of STAU1 delocalizes pre-rRNA and 154 mRNAs coding for proteins involved in actin cytoskeleton organization and cell growth. Our results highlighting a role for STAU1 in mRNA trafficking to the spindle. These data demonstrate that STAU1 controls the localization of sub-populations of RNA during cell division and suggests a novel role of STAU1 protein in mitotic progression and cytokinesis by regulating pre-rRNA maintenance, ribogenesis and/or nucleoli reassembly

Novel strategies in the approach to primary immunodeficiencies to discover new pathogenic mechanisms and complex clinical phenotypes

Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) represent a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders characterized by poor or absent function in one or more components of the immune system, that result in chronic, recurrent and life-threatning infections if not promptly diagnosed and treated. Traditionally, PIDs are classified according to the component of the immune system that is primarily disrupted: innate or adaptive immunity, the latter comprising antibody deficiencies and combined immunodeficiencies. In the last 20 years, thanks to the progress in molecular technologies, a remarkable improvement of the knowledge in the field of PIDs, concerning both their etiopathogenesis mechanisms and clinical features, has been observed. Nowadays about 300 forms of well-characterized PIDs have been identified underliyng complex phenotype which encompass a wide spectrum of clinical features ranging from recurrent bacterial infections to other unusual manifestations, such as autoimmune disorder, cancer susceptibility, allergy and autoinflammation. Advances in next generation DNA sequencing (NGS) allowed new gene identification of several forms of PIDs of unknown cause making genetic identification of immunodeficiency syndromes more efficient. Only in the last two years, 34 new gene defects have been identified. In this context, my PhD program has been focused to the study of some Immunological disorders, in order to identify “Novel strategies in the approach to primary immunodeficiencies to discover new pathogenic mechanisms and complex clinical phenotype”. Particularly, I followed a first project focused on the novel insight in the diagnosis and management of primary immunodeficiencies aimed at the characterization of novel aspect of the pathogenesis and treatment of already known immunodeficiency, diagnosed conventionally or through Next Generation Sequencing. In particular, I studied the role of Myd88 deficiency, identified through Targeted Next generation sequencing, in the pathogenesis of the immunological and clinical features observed in a patient who had an atypical presentation characterized by chronic Yersiniosis and granuolomatous lymphadenitis, in absence of pneumococcal infections. On this topic, I contributed to the description of the case and to the planning of the experiments aimed at demonstrating the defect of TLRs signaling and the rescue of the function after the tranfection of plamids containing WT Myd88 in the patient fibroblasts. I also followed another project aimed at defining the broad spectrum of clinical manifestations caused by STAT1 gain of function mutation and at defining the role of STAT1 gain of function mutation in the pathogenesis of the clinical manifestation caused by mutations in this gene other than chronic mucocutaneus candidiasis. Moreover, my research effort has been devoted to the definition of the role of T-independent B-cell immunity in susceptibility to infections from encapsulated bacteria in Hypoidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia with immununodeficiency (HED-ID). I also participated to the description of skin and skin annexa abnormalities associated to PIDs, which represent alarm signs that should lead the clinician to consider a deeper immunological assessment. I gave a contribution to better define the functional role of FOXN1 transcription factor in the T-cell ontogeny. Eventually, I also studied rare genetic syndrome involving immune system paying a particular attention to SCID, hemophagocytic lymphoistiocitosis (HLH) and Di George Syndrome (DGS)

Étude des G-quadruplexes comme régulateurs de l'ARN

Avec la récente découverte que plus de 90% du génome humain est transcrit activement, il est raisonnable d'assumer que les mécanismes de régulation post-transcriptionnelle sont les moyens primaires contrôlant le transfert de l'information de l'ARN messager à la protéine. Ces mécanismes de régulation nécessitent généralement plusieurs éléments et motifs d'ARN en cis retrouvés à l'intérieur des ARN messagers. La structure G-quadruplexe sort de l'ordinaire en terme de motif d'ARN. L'empilement des G-quartets, formés de quatre guanines coplanaires interagissant entre elles via des paires de bases Hogsteen, la présence d'un contre-ion et la structure en tétrahélice procurent à la structure G-quadruplexe une stabilité remarquable. Cette stabilité amalgamée à ces caractéristiques structurales uniques, font de ce motif un élément de régulation post-transcriptionnelle en cis très prometteur. Cette thèse présente une étude des capacités de la structure G-quadruplexe à agir comme un élément de régulation de l'ARN. Tout d'abord, j'ai exploré l'habilité d'une structure G-quadruplexe à moduler l'activité catalytique d'un ribozyme en développant et caractérisant une nouvelle classe de ribozyme, le G-quartzyme. Le G-quartzyme résulte de la fusion d’un motif G-quadruplexe au ribozyme VHD antigénomique. Une activité catalytique dépendante de la présence de potassium en solution a été observée pour ce nouveau ribozyme. La caractérisation de cette chimère G-quadruplexe-ribozyme a permis d'apprécier la flexibilité et la capacité du G-quadruplexe à moduler l'activité catalytique d'un ribozyme. Par la suite, j'ai étudié les G-quadruplexes présents dans les 5-UTR des ARNm en utilisant une approche robuste composée de trois étapes, in silico, in vitro et in cellulo. Cette méthodologie a permis d'avoir une vue d'ensemble du phénomène. L'analyse de neuf candidats de front a été la clé afin d'apprécier l'ampleur des G-quadruplexes dans les 5'-UTR agissant comme répresseurs traductionnels. Les résultats obtenus ont permis d'identifier des nouvelles règles régissant la formation de structure G-quadruplexe d'ARN in vitro et in cellulo. Ce travail suggère que ces répresseurs de la traduction sont vastement distribués à travers le transcriptome. Finalement, cette même approche a été utilisée afin d'explorer les G-quadruplexes présents dans les 3’-UTR des ARNm. Cette analyse m'a permis de discerner un nouveau rôle pour cette structure, celui de stimuler la polyadénylation alternative d'un messager. L'étude plus en détail d'un candidat, FXR1, démontre que la présence d'un G-quadruplexe dans son 3'-UTR augmente l'expression d'un transcrit plus court, produit par polyadénylation alternative, contenant moins de sites de liaison aux microARNs résultant en un gain de synthèse protéique. Les résultats recueillis lors de ce travail suggèrent également que la présence de ce motif dans les 3'-UTR diminue l'efficacité d'un site de polyadénylation situé en aval de celui-ci. Clairement, les G-quadruplexes présents dans les 3-UTR possèdent différents rôles pouvant affecter l'expression d'un gène. En conclusion, ces études ont permis de soulever l'importance majeure des G-quadruplexes d'ARN dans différents phénomènes, dont l'expression génique, et de définir de nouvelles règles majorant leur formation et leur interaction dans divers contextes cellulaires. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse démontrent que la structure G-quadruplexe, en plus d'être largement distribuée à travers le transcriptome, possède plusieurs caractéristiques faisant de celle-ci un élément de régulation de l'ARN des plus compétent. L’identification et la caractérisation de phénomènes cellulaires associés aux G-quadruplexes s'avèrent indispensables afin de développer de nouvelles thérapies géniques ciblant ces structures

Les emprunts à l'anglais médical dans la langue française contemporaine

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal