16,173 research outputs found
S-duality and 2d Topological QFT
We study the superconformal index for the class of N=2 4d superconformal
field theories recently introduced by Gaiotto. These theories are defined by
compactifying the (2,0) 6d theory on a Riemann surface with punctures. We
interpret the index of the 4d theory associated to an n-punctured Riemann
surface as the n-point correlation function of a 2d topological QFT living on
the surface. Invariance of the index under generalized S-duality
transformations (the mapping class group of the Riemann surface) translates
into associativity of the operator algebra of the 2d TQFT. In the A_1 case, for
which the 4d SCFTs have a Lagrangian realization, the structure constants and
metric of the 2d TQFT can be calculated explicitly in terms of elliptic gamma
functions. Associativity then holds thanks to a remarkable symmetry of an
elliptic hypergeometric beta integral, proved very recently by van de Bult.Comment: 25 pages, 11 figure
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Export diversification and resource-based industrialization: the case of natural gas
For resource-rich economies, primary commodity specialization has often been considered to be detrimental to growth. Accordingly, export diversification policies centered on resource-based industries have long been advocated as effective ways to moderate the large variability of export revenues. This paper discusses the applicability of a mean-variance portfolio approach to design these strategies and proposes some modifications aimed at capturing the key features of resource processing industries (presence of scale economies and investment lumpiness). These modifications help make the approach more plausible for use in resource-rich countries. An application to the case of natural gas is then discussed using data obtained from Monte Carlo simulations of a calibrated empirical model. Lastly, the proposed framework is put to work to evaluate the performances of the diversification strategies implemented in a set of nine gas-rich economies. These results are then used to formulate some policy recommendations
Making Good on LSTMs' Unfulfilled Promise
LSTMs promise much to financial time-series analysis, temporal and cross-sectional inference, but we find that they do not deliver in a real-world financial management task. We examine an alternative called Continual Learning (CL), a memory-augmented approach, which can provide transparent explanations, i.e. which memory did what and when. This work has implications for many financial applications including credit, time-varying fairness in decision making and more. We make three important new observations. Firstly, as well as being more explainable, time-series CL approaches outperform LSTMs as well as a simple sliding window learner using feed-forward neural networks (FFNN). Secondly, we show that CL based on a sliding window learner (FFNN) is more effective than CL based on a sequential learner (LSTM). Thirdly, we examine how real-world, time-series noise impacts several similarity approaches used in CL memory addressing. We provide these insights using an approach called Continual Learning Augmentation (CLA) tested on a complex real-world problem, emerging market equities investment decision making. CLA provides a test-bed as it can be based on different types of time-series learners, allowing testing of LSTM and FFNN learners side by side. CLA is also used to test several distance approaches used in a memory recall-gate: Euclidean distance (ED), dynamic time warping (DTW), auto-encoders (AE) and a novel hybrid approach, warp-AE. We find that ED under-performs DTW and AE but warp-AE shows the best overall performance in a real-world financial task
Normal Factor Graphs and Holographic Transformations
This paper stands at the intersection of two distinct lines of research. One
line is "holographic algorithms," a powerful approach introduced by Valiant for
solving various counting problems in computer science; the other is "normal
factor graphs," an elegant framework proposed by Forney for representing codes
defined on graphs. We introduce the notion of holographic transformations for
normal factor graphs, and establish a very general theorem, called the
generalized Holant theorem, which relates a normal factor graph to its
holographic transformation. We show that the generalized Holant theorem on the
one hand underlies the principle of holographic algorithms, and on the other
hand reduces to a general duality theorem for normal factor graphs, a special
case of which was first proved by Forney. In the course of our development, we
formalize a new semantics for normal factor graphs, which highlights various
linear algebraic properties that potentially enable the use of normal factor
graphs as a linear algebraic tool.Comment: To appear IEEE Trans. Inform. Theor
Duality between Spin networks and the 2D Ising model
The goal of this paper is to exhibit a deep relation between the partition
function of the Ising model on a planar trivalent graph and the generating
series of the spin network evaluations on the same graph. We provide
respectively a fermionic and a bosonic Gaussian integral formulation for each
of these functions and we show that they are the inverse of each other (up to
some explicit constants) by exhibiting a supersymmetry relating the two
formulations. We investigate three aspects and applications of this duality.
First, we propose higher order supersymmetric theories which couple the
geometry of the spin networks to the Ising model and for which supersymmetric
localization still holds. Secondly, after interpreting the generating function
of spin network evaluations as the projection of a coherent state of loop
quantum gravity onto the flat connection state, we find the probability
distribution induced by that coherent state on the edge spins and study its
stationary phase approximation. It is found that the stationary points
correspond to the critical values of the couplings of the 2D Ising model, at
least for isoradial graphs. Third, we analyze the mapping of the correlations
of the Ising model to spin network observables, and describe the phase
transition on those observables on the hexagonal lattice. This opens the door
to many new possibilities, especially for the study of the coarse-graining and
continuum limit of spin networks in the context of quantum gravity.Comment: 35 page
Unitary Chern-Simons matrix model and the Villain lattice action
We use the Villain approximation to show that the Gross-Witten model, in the
weak- and strong-coupling limits, is related to the unitary matrix model that
describes U(N) Chern-Simons theory on S^3. The weak-coupling limit corresponds
to the q->1 limit of the Chern-Simons theory while the strong-coupling regime
is related to the q->0 limit. In the latter case, there is a logarithmic
relationship between the respective coupling constants. We also show how the
Chern-Simons matrix model arises by considering two-dimensional Yang-Mills
theory with the Villain action. This leads to a U(1)^N theory which is the
Abelianization of 2d Yang-Mills theory with the heat-kernel lattice action. In
addition, we show that the character expansion of the Villain lattice action
gives the q deformation of the heat kernel as it appears in q-deformed 2d
Yang-Mills theory. We also study the relationship between the unitary and
Hermitian Chern-Simons matrix models and the rotation of the integration
contour in the corresponding integrals.Comment: 17 pages, Minor corrections to match the published versio
Quantum dynamics of long-range interacting systems using the positive-P and gauge-P representations
We provide the necessary framework for carrying out stochastic positive-P and
gauge-P simulations of bosonic systems with long range interactions. In these
approaches, the quantum evolution is sampled by trajectories in phase space,
allowing calculation of correlations without truncation of the Hilbert space or
other approximations to the quantum state. The main drawback is that the
simulation time is limited by noise arising from interactions.
We show that the long-range character of these interactions does not further
increase the limitations of these methods, in contrast to the situation for
alternatives such as the density matrix renormalisation group. Furthermore,
stochastic gauge techniques can also successfully extend simulation times in
the long-range-interaction case, by making using of parameters that affect the
noise properties of trajectories, without affecting physical observables.
We derive essential results that significantly aid the use of these methods:
estimates of the available simulation time, optimized stochastic gauges, a
general form of the characteristic stochastic variance and adaptations for very
large systems. Testing the performance of particular drift and diffusion gauges
for nonlocal interactions, we find that, for small to medium systems, drift
gauges are beneficial, whereas for sufficiently large systems, it is optimal to
use only a diffusion gauge.
The methods are illustrated with direct numerical simulations of interaction
quenches in extended Bose-Hubbard lattice systems and the excitation of Rydberg
states in a Bose-Einstein condensate, also without the need for the typical
frozen gas approximation. We demonstrate that gauges can indeed lengthen the
useful simulation time.Comment: 19 pages, 11 appendix, 3 figure
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