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    ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰์ž๋™์ฐจ (Level 3)์—์„œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๋‚ด ํ„ฐ์น˜์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ๋น„์šด์ „ ๊ณผ์—… ๋‚œ์ด๋„๊ฐ€ ์šด์ „ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ, ์‹œ๊ฐ ์ง‘์ค‘ ํŒจํ„ด, ์ธ์ง€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ: ๋น„์šด์ „ ๊ณผ์—…๊ณผ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ๊ณผ์—… ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ๋ฐ•์šฐ์ง„.This thesis aimed to investigate the effects of non-driving related task (NDRT) in-vehicle touchscreen location and NDRT difficulty level on the driver's NDRT, take-over task performance, and subjective workload in a highly automated vehicle. Despite of the increasing use of in-vehicle touchscreen in the context of automated driving, little empirical evidence is available that investigates human interaction with in-vehicle touchscreen interface during automated driving. The three NDRT in-vehicle touchscreen and two difficulty levels of NDRT were employed. The dependent measures were the following: NDRT and take-over task performance, eye gaze behavior, and subjective workload. The study has found significant effects of NDRT in-vehicle touchscreen location on all the dependent measures. The results indicated that Upper Right was found to be the best NDRT touchscreen location in terms of take-over performance. However, regarding the NDRT performance, Lower Right was found to be the best NDRT touchscreen location. Moreover, it showed that as the difficulty level of NDRT increases, it impairs the drivers' performance of NDRT and subjective workload. When comparing the three different NDRT in-vehicle touchscreen locations, the NDRT in-vehicle touchscreen is located closer to the windscreen appears to be optimal in reacting to critical situations; however, it is also necessary to consider NDRT touchscreen location from the perspective of the drivers' non-driving activities, particularly in the context of highly automated vehicles where the drivers are expected to perform NDRT. The study findings may help to determine the placement of onboard NDRT touchscreen for the presentation of information related to non-driving activities in a highly automated vehicle.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋„ํ™”๋œ ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰์ž๋™์ฐจ์—์„œ ๋น„์šด์ „ ๊ณผ์—…๊ณผ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ๊ณผ์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋น„์šด์ „ ๊ณผ์—… ํ„ฐ์น˜์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ๋น„์šด์ „ ๊ณผ์—… ๋‚œ์ด๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋„ํ™”๋œ ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰์ž๋™์ฐจ์—์„œ๋Š” ์šด์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์šด์ „์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋น„์šด์ „ ๊ณผ์—…์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์šด์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋‚ด์˜ ํ„ฐ์น˜์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„์šด์ „ ๊ณผ์—…์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ์šด์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๋‚ด ํ„ฐ์น˜์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŽธ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„์ฃผํ–‰ ๊ณผ์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด, ๋น„์šด์ „ ๊ณผ์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜์—๋„ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ๊ณผ์—… ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šด์ „์ž์˜ ์•ˆ์ „๊ณผ ํŽธ์•ˆํ•จ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋น„์šด์ „ ๊ณผ์—… ํ„ฐ์น˜์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ๋น„์šด์ „ ๊ณผ์—… ๋‚œ์ด๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐ”, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ„ฐ์น˜์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ ์œ„์น˜ 3๊ณณ๊ณผ 2๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋น„์šด์ „ ๊ณผ์—… ๋‚œ์ด๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šด์ „์ž์˜ ๋น„์šด์ „ ๊ณผ์—… ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์šด์ „ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„์šด์ „ ๊ณผ์—…๊ณผ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ๊ณผ์—… ๊ฐ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šด์ „์ž์˜ ์ธ์ง€์ , ์‹ ์ฒด์  ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋™์‹œ์— ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์šด์ „์— ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋น„์šด์ „ ๊ณผ์—… ํ„ฐ์น˜์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ๋น„์šด์ „ ๊ณผ์—… ๋‚œ์ด๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.2 Literature Review 2 1.3 Research Objective and Questions 5 Chapter 2 Method 7 2.1 Participants 7 2.2 Apparatus 7 2.3 Experiment 11 2.4 Experimental variables 17 2.5 Statistical analysis 20 Chapter 3 Results 21 3.1 NDRT Performance measures 21 3.2 Eye gaze behavior measures (NDRT phase) 25 3.3 Subjective experience measures (NDRT phase) 28 3.4 Take-over task performance measures 37 3.5 Eye gaze behavior measures (take-over task phase) 40 3.6 Subjective experience measures (take-over task phase) 42 Chapter 4 Discussion 45 4.1 NDRT performance measures 45 4.2 Take-over performance measures 50 Chapter 5 Conclusion 53 5.1 Summary and Implications 53 5.2 Future Research Directions 54 Bibliography 57 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 65์„

    'Turn right at the King's Head': drivers' requirements for route guidance information

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    This thesis addresses a fundamental Human Factors question associated with the design of the Human-Machine Interface (HMI) for in-vehicle electronic route guidance systems: what navigation information should such systems provide to drivers? To avoid the development of systems which demand excessive amounts of drivers' attention and processing resources or which are not satisfactory to the intended user population, it is critical that appropriate information is provided when and where needed. However, a review of the relevant literature revealed a paucity of research concerning this issue. [Continues.

    Sound management in a truck cabin

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    Exploring safer visual feedback in human-machine handover in highly autonomous vehicles

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    Driving is becoming increasingly automated and the automated driving system is gradually replacing the driver, which will inevitably have a significant impact on the driving experience. This study investigates the design of a dashboard for the highly automated vehicle that would provide the driver with relevant information during the human-machine handover. After reviewing previous studies, analyzing the state-of-the-art and generating user scenarios, we developed design guidelines, prototypes and user experience videos. This video served as a "research instrument" to test with users and explore and learn about consequences and interpretations. The test results suggest that the mental workload paid by the user for the task shows a trend of reduction from level 3 to level 4. The reduced workload can ensure more effective alerts and alarms, which can potentially make driving safer. Regarding the implementation of the design, conclusions are mainly drawn on three aspects: the necessity to combine several modalities at automation level 4, the need to redefine the color of the assisting AR bars we designed due to the indistinguishability of the red and orange ones, and the disagreement on whether and how to display speed information at handover. The practice and application of our prototype in scenarios supports previous studies and provides a reliable, creative solution for other researchers and designers

    ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์šฉ ํ—ค๋“œ์—… ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์„ค๊ณ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณตํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ๋ฐ•์šฐ์ง„.Head-up display (HUD) systems were introduced into the automobile industry as a means for improving driving safety. They superimpose safety-critical information on top of the drivers forward field of view and thereby help drivers keep their eyes forward while driving. Since the first introduction about three decades ago, automotive HUDs have been available in various commercial vehicles. Despite the long history and potential benefits of automotive HUDs, however, the design of useful automotive HUDs remains a challenging problem. In an effort to contribute to the design of useful automotive HUDs, this doctoral dissertation research conducted four studies. In Study 1, the functional requirements of automotive HUDs were investigated by reviewing the major automakers' automotive HUD products, academic research studies that proposed various automotive HUD functions, and previous research studies that surveyed drivers HUD information needs. The review results indicated that: 1) the existing commercial HUDs perform largely the same functions as the conventional in-vehicle displays, 2) past research studies proposed various HUD functions for improving driver situation awareness and driving safety, 3) autonomous driving and other new technologies are giving rise to new HUD information, and 4) little research is currently available on HUD users perceived information needs. Based on the review results, this study provides insights into the functional requirements of automotive HUDs and also suggests some future research directions for automotive HUD design. In Study 2, the interface design of automotive HUDs for communicating safety-related information was examined by reviewing the existing commercial HUDs and display concepts proposed by academic research studies. Each display was analyzed in terms of its functions, behaviors and structure. Also, related human factors display design principles, and, empirical findings on the effects of interface design decisions were reviewed when information was available. The results indicated that: 1) information characteristics suitable for the contact-analog and unregistered display formats, respectively, are still largely unknown, 2) new types of displays could be developed by combining or mixing existing displays or display elements at both the information and interface element levels, and 3) the human factors display principles need to be used properly according to the situation and only to the extent that the resulting display respects the limitations of the human information processing, and achieving balance among the principles is important to an effective design. On the basis of the review results, this review suggests design possibilities and future research directions on the interface design of safety-related automotive HUD systems. In Study 3, automotive HUD-based take-over request (TOR) displays were developed and evaluated in terms of drivers take-over performance and visual scanning behavior in a highly automated driving situation. Four different types of TOR displays were comparatively evaluated through a driving simulator study - they were: Baseline (an auditory beeping alert), Mini-map, Arrow, and Mini-map-and-Arrow. Baseline simply alerts an imminent take-over, and was always included when the other three displays were provided. Mini-map provides situational information. Arrow presents the action direction information for the take-over. Mini-map-and-Arrow provides the action direction together with the relevant situational information. This study also investigated the relationship between drivers initial trust in the TOR displays and take-over and visual scanning behavior. The results indicated that providing a combination of machine-made decision and situational information, such as Mini-map-and-Arrow, yielded the best results overall in the take-over scenario. Also, drivers initial trust in the TOR displays was found to have significant associations with the take-over and visual behavior of drivers. The higher trust group primarily relied on the proposed TOR displays, while the lower trust group tended to more check the situational information through the traditional displays, such as side-view or rear-view mirrors. In Study 4, the effect of interactive HUD imagery location on driving and secondary task performance, driver distraction, preference, and workload associated with use of scrolling list while driving were investigated. A total of nine HUD imagery locations of full-windshield were examined through a driving simulator study. The results indicated the HUD imagery location affected all the dependent measures, that is, driving and task performance, drivers visual distraction, preference and workload. Considering both objective and subjective evaluations, interactive HUDs should be placed near the driver's line of sight, especially near the left-bottom on the windshield.์ž๋™์ฐจ ํ—ค๋“œ์—… ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋Š” ์ฐจ๋‚ด ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์šด์ „์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ „๋ฐฉ์— ํ‘œ์‹œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์šด์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์šด์ „์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ „๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋„์™€์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šด์ „์ž์˜ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ , ์•ˆ์ „์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๋™์ฐจ ํ—ค๋“œ์—… ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์•ฝ 30๋…„ ์ „ ์šด์ „์ž์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์‚ฐ์—…์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋„์ž…๋œ ์ด๋ž˜๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ์šฉ์ฐจ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์ „๊ณผ ํŽธ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ํ—ค๋“œ์—… ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ์ ์  ๋” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ํ—ค๋“œ์—… ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ์ด์ ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ํ—ค๋“œ์—… ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ํ—ค๋“œ์—… ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์„ค๊ณ„์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์ด 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ž๋™์ฐจ ํ—ค๋“œ์—… ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ํ—ค๋“œ์—… ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ฃผ์š” ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ํ—ค๋“œ์—… ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค๊ณผ, ์ž๋™์ฐจ ํ—ค๋“œ์—… ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ํ•™์ˆ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šด์ „์ž์˜ ์ •๋ณด ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ๋“ค์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํฌ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๋™์ฐจ ํ—ค๋“œ์—… ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ์ง€์‹์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž๋™์ฐจ ํ—ค๋“œ์—… ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋™์ฐจ ํ—ค๋“œ์—… ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ํ—ค๋“œ์—… ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋“ค์˜ ํ—ค๋“œ์—… ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์ปจ์…‰๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์ปจ์…‰๋“ค์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณตํ•™์  ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์„ค๊ณ„ ์›์น™๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋™์ฐจ ํ—ค๋“œ์—… ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์„ค๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ž๋™์ฐจ ํ—ค๋“œ์—… ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜์ด๋ž€, ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์šด์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ์šด์ „์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋™ ์šด์ „ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฐ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์šด์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ƒํ™ฉ ํŒŒ์•…๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์™€์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์„ค๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž๋™์ฐจ ํ—ค๋“œ์—… ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ด 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด(๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด, ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋งต ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด, ํ™”์‚ดํ‘œ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด, ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋งต๊ณผ ํ™”์‚ดํ‘œ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด)๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๋Œ€์•ˆ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์•ˆ๊ตฌ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„ ํŒจํ„ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๋Œ€์•ˆ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šด์ „์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๊ฐ’์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์šด์ „์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ์ ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์•ˆ๊ตฌ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„ ํŒจํ„ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ž๋™ํ™”๋œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์™€ ๊ทธ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ œ์‹œํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šด์ „์ž์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ–‰ํƒœ์™€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ์ ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ณผ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ๋ฃธ ๋ฏธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ๋ฏธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋” ํ™•์ธ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ „๋ฉด ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฐฝ์—์„œ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ž™ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ—ค๋“œ์—… ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜ ์ตœ์  ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์šด์ „์ž์˜ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ์ธํ„ฐ๋ž™ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์กฐ์ž‘ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ณผ์—… ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ, ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž‘์—… ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ—ค๋“œ์—… ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฉด ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฐฝ์—์„œ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด 9๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ž™ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋Š” ์Œ์•… ์„ ํƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์Šคํฌ๋กค ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜€๊ณ , ์šด์ „๋Œ€์— ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋œ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ธํ„ฐ๋ž™ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ—ค๋“œ์—… ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒ™๋„, ์ฆ‰ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์กฐ์ž‘ ๊ณผ์—… ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ, ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž‘์—… ๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นจ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ธํ„ฐ๋ž™ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ—ค๋“œ์—… ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์šด์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜‘๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ „๋ฐฉ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณผ ๋•Œ์˜ ์‹œ์•ผ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„, ์ฆ‰ ์ „๋ฉด ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฐฝ์—์„œ์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ ์•„๋ž˜ ๋ถ€๊ทผ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.Abstract i Contents v List of Tables ix List of Figures x Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.2 Research Objectives and Questions 8 1.3 Structure of the Thesis 11 Chapter 2 Functional Requirements of Automotive Head-Up Displays: A Systematic Review of Literature from 1994 to Present 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Method 15 2.3 Results 17 2.3.1 Information Types Displayed by Existing Commercial Automotive HUD Systems 17 2.3.2 Information Types Previously Suggested for Automotive HUDs by Research Studies 28 2.3.3 Information Types Required by Drivers (users) for Automotive HUDs and Their Relative Importance 35 2.4 Discussion 39 2.4.1 Information Types Displayed by Existing Commercial Automotive HUD Systems 39 2.4.2 Information Types Previously Suggested for Automotive HUDs by Research Studies 44 2.4.3 Information Types Required by Drivers (users) for Automotive HUDs and Their Relative Importance 48 Chapter 3 A Literature Review on Interface Design of Automotive Head-Up Displays for Communicating Safety-Related Information 50 3.1 Introduction 50 3.2 Method 52 3.3 Results 55 3.3.1 Commercial Automotive HUDs Presenting Safety-Related Information 55 3.3.2 Safety-Related HUDs Proposed by Academic Research 58 3.4 Discussion 74 Chapter 4 Development and Evaluation of Automotive Head-Up Displays for Take-Over Requests (TORs) in Highly Automated Vehicles 78 4.1 Introduction 78 4.2 Method 82 4.2.1 Participants 82 4.2.2 Apparatus 82 4.2.3 Automotive HUD-based TOR Displays 83 4.2.4 Driving Scenario 86 4.2.5 Experimental Design and Procedure 87 4.2.6 Experiment Variables 88 4.2.7 Statistical Analyses 91 4.3 Results 93 4.3.1 Comparison of the Proposed TOR Displays 93 4.3.2 Characteristics of Drivers Initial Trust in the four TOR Displays 102 4.3.3 Relationship between Drivers Initial Trust and Take-over and Visual Behavior 104 4.4 Discussion 113 4.4.1 Comparison of the Proposed TOR Displays 113 4.4.2 Characteristics of Drivers Initial Trust in the four TOR Displays 116 4.4.3 Relationship between Drivers Initial Trust and Take-over and Visual Behavior 117 4.5 Conclusion 119 Chapter 5 Human Factors Evaluation of Display Locations of an Interactive Scrolling List in a Full-windshield Automotive Head-Up Display System 121 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Method 122 5.2.1 Participants 122 5.2.2 Apparatus 123 5.2.3 Experimental Tasks and Driving Scenario 123 5.2.4 Experiment Variables 124 5.2.5 Experimental Design and Procedure 126 5.2.6 Statistical Analyses 126 5.3 Results 127 5.4 Discussion 133 5.5 Conclusion 135 Chapter 6 Conclusion 137 6.1 Summary and Implications 137 6.2 Future Research Directions 139 Bibliography 143 Apeendix A. Display Layouts of Some Commercial HUD Systems Appendix B. Safety-related Displays Provided by the Existing Commercial HUD Systems Appendix C. Safety-related HUD displays Proposed by Academic Research ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 187Docto

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    Computer aided design (CAD) methods are becoming very popular with engineers as they provide considerably more flexibility than conventional techniques. Although they are now commonplace in manufacturing industries the great majority of CAD systems completely ignore the most important component of the human-machine system being designed-humans themselves. The importance of an ergonomics input to a design is now recognized by many industries as being essential. The increasing complexity of modern systems and the social, economic and legislative pressures for good design have led to the demand for the ergonomics input to be made available as early as possible in the design programme, starting preferably at the concept stage. Traditionally, ergonomists have had to wait until the mock-up stage before being able to perform a detailed evaluation of a prototype design. This delay has several consequences, which will be discussed later in this chapter, all of which are detrimental to the design process
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