59 research outputs found
General Classification of the Authenticated Encryption Schemes for the CAESAR Competition
An Authenticated encryption scheme is a scheme which provides privacy and integrity by using a secret key. In 2013, CAESAR (the ``Competition for Authenticated Encryption: Security, Applicability, and Robustness\u27\u27) was co-founded by NIST and Dan Bernstein with the aim of finding authenticated encryption schemes
that offer advantages over AES-GCM and are suitable for widespread adoption.
The first round started with 57 candidates in March 2014; and nine of these
first-round candidates where broken and withdrawn from the competition. The
remaining 48 candidates went through an intense process of review, analysis
and comparison. While the cryptographic community benefits greatly from the
manifold different submission designs, their sheer number
implies a challenging amount of study. This paper provides
an easy-to-grasp overview over functional aspects, security parameters, and
robustness offerings by the CAESAR candidates, clustered by their underlying
designs (block-cipher-, stream-cipher-, permutation-/sponge-,
compression-function-based, dedicated). After intensive review and analysis of all 48 candidates by the community, the CAESAR committee selected only 30 candidates for the second round. The announcement for the third round candidates was made on 15th August 2016 and 15 candidates were chosen for the third round
REISCH: incorporating lightweight and reliable algorithms into healthcare applications of WSNs
Healthcare institutions require advanced technology to collect patients' data accurately and continuously. The tradition technologies still suffer from two problems: performance and security efficiency. The existing research has serious drawbacks when using public-key mechanisms such as digital signature algorithms. In this paper, we propose Reliable and Efficient Integrity Scheme for Data Collection in HWSN (REISCH) to alleviate these problems by using secure and lightweight signature algorithms. The results of the performance analysis indicate that our scheme provides high efficiency in data integration between sensors and server (saves more than 24% of alive sensors compared to traditional algorithms). Additionally, we use Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) to validate the security procedures in our scheme. Security analysis results confirm that REISCH is safe against some well-known attacks
A Chaos-Based Authenticated Cipher with Associated Data
In recent years, there has been a rising interest in authenticated encryptionwith associated data (AEAD)which combines encryption and authentication into a unified scheme. AEAD schemes provide authentication for a message that is divided into two parts: associated data which is not encrypted and the plaintext which is encrypted. However, there is a lack of chaos-based AEAD schemes in recent literature. This paper introduces a new128-bit chaos-based AEAD scheme based on the single-key Even-Mansour and Type-II generalized Feistel structure. The proposed scheme provides both privacy and authentication in a single-pass using only one 128-bit secret key. The chaotic tent map is used to generate whitening keys for the Even-Mansour construction, round keys, and random s-boxes for the Feistel round function. In addition, the proposed AEAD scheme can be implemented with true randomnumber generators to map a message tomultiple possible ciphertexts in a nondeterministic manner. Security and statistical evaluation indicate that the proposed scheme is highly secure for both the ciphertext and the authentication tag. Furthermore, it has multiple advantages over AES-GCM which is the current standard for authenticated encryption
Design, Cryptanalysis and Protection of Symmetric Encryption Algorithms
This thesis covers results from several areas related to symmetric cryptography, secure and efficient implementation and is divided into four main parts:
In Part II, Benchmarking of AEAD, two articles will be presented, showing the results of the FELICS framework for Authenticated encryption algorithms, and multiarchitecture benchmarking of permutations used as construction block of AEAD algorithms.
The Sparkle family of Hash and AEAD algorithms will be shown in Part III. Sparkle is currently a finalist of the NIST call for standardization of lightweight hash and AEAD algorithms.
In Part IV, Cryptanalysis of ARX ciphers, it is discussed two cryptanalysis techniques based on differential trails, applied to ARX ciphers. The first technique, called Meet-in-the-Filter uses an offline trail record, combined with a fixed trail and a reverse differential search to propose long differential trails that are useful for key recovery.
The second technique is an extension of ARX analyzing tools, that can automate the generation of truncated trails from existing non-truncated ones, and compute the exact probability of those truncated trails.
In Part V, Masked AES for Microcontrollers, is shown a new method to efficiently compute a side-channel protected AES, based on the masking scheme described by Rivain and Prouff. This method introduces table and execution-order optimizations, as well as practical security proofs
Analysis and Design of Symmetric Cryptographic Algorithms
This doctoral thesis is dedicated to the analysis and the design of
symmetric cryptographic algorithms.
In the first part of the dissertation, we deal with fault-based attacks
on cryptographic circuits which belong to the field of active implementation
attacks and aim to retrieve secret keys stored on such chips. Our main focus
lies on the cryptanalytic aspects of those attacks. In particular, we target
block ciphers with a lightweight and (often) non-bijective key schedule where
the derived subkeys are (almost) independent from each other. An attacker who is
able to reconstruct one of the subkeys is thus not necessarily able to directly
retrieve other subkeys or even the secret master key by simply reversing the key
schedule. We introduce a framework based on differential fault analysis that
allows to attack block ciphers with an arbitrary number of independent subkeys
and which rely on a substitution-permutation network. These methods are then
applied to the lightweight block ciphers LED and PRINCE and we show in both
cases how to recover the secret master key requiring only a small number of
fault injections. Moreover, we investigate approaches that utilize algebraic
instead of differential techniques for the fault analysis and discuss advantages
and drawbacks. At the end of the first part of the dissertation, we explore
fault-based attacks on the block cipher Bel-T which also has a lightweight key
schedule but is not based on a substitution-permutation network but instead on
the so-called Lai-Massey scheme. The framework mentioned above is thus not
usable against Bel-T. Nevertheless, we also present techniques for the case of
Bel-T that enable full recovery of the secret key in a very efficient way using
differential fault analysis.
In the second part of the thesis, we focus on authenticated encryption
schemes. While regular ciphers only protect privacy of processed data,
authenticated encryption schemes also secure its authenticity and integrity.
Many of these ciphers are additionally able to protect authenticity and
integrity of so-called associated data. This type of data is transmitted
unencrypted but nevertheless must be protected from being tampered with during
transmission. Authenticated encryption is nowadays the standard technique to
protect in-transit data. However, most of the currently deployed schemes have
deficits and there are many leverage points for improvements. With NORX we
introduce a novel authenticated encryption scheme supporting associated data.
This algorithm was designed with high security, efficiency in both hardware and
software, simplicity, and robustness against side-channel attacks in mind. Next
to its specification, we present special features, security goals,
implementation details, extensive performance measurements and discuss
advantages over currently deployed standards. Finally, we describe our
preliminary security analysis where we investigate differential and rotational
properties of NORX. Noteworthy are in particular the newly developed
techniques for differential cryptanalysis of NORX which exploit the power of
SAT- and SMT-solvers and have the potential to be easily adaptable to other
encryption schemes as well.Diese Doktorarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Analyse und dem Entwurf von
symmetrischen kryptographischen Algorithmen.
Im ersten Teil der Dissertation befassen wir uns mit fehlerbasierten Angriffen
auf kryptographische Schaltungen, welche dem Gebiet der aktiven
Seitenkanalangriffe zugeordnet werden und auf die Rekonstruktion geheimer
Schlüssel abzielen, die auf diesen Chips gespeichert sind. Unser Hauptaugenmerk
liegt dabei auf den kryptoanalytischen Aspekten dieser Angriffe. Insbesondere
beschäftigen wir uns dabei mit Blockchiffren, die leichtgewichtige und eine
(oft) nicht-bijektive Schlüsselexpansion besitzen, bei denen die erzeugten
Teilschlüssel voneinander (nahezu) unabhängig sind. Ein Angreifer, dem es
gelingt einen Teilschlüssel zu rekonstruieren, ist dadurch nicht in der Lage
direkt weitere Teilschlüssel oder sogar den Hauptschlüssel abzuleiten indem er
einfach die Schlüsselexpansion umkehrt. Wir stellen Techniken basierend auf
differenzieller Fehleranalyse vor, die es ermöglichen Blockchiffren zu
analysieren, welche eine beliebige Anzahl unabhängiger Teilschlüssel einsetzen
und auf Substitutions-Permutations Netzwerken basieren. Diese Methoden werden im
Anschluss auf die leichtgewichtigen Blockchiffren LED und PRINCE angewandt und
wir zeigen in beiden Fällen wie der komplette geheime Schlüssel mit einigen
wenigen Fehlerinjektionen rekonstruiert werden kann. Darüber hinaus untersuchen
wir Methoden, die algebraische statt differenzielle Techniken der Fehleranalyse
einsetzen und diskutieren deren Vor- und Nachteile. Am Ende des ersten Teils der
Dissertation befassen wir uns mit fehlerbasierten Angriffen auf die Blockchiffre
Bel-T, welche ebenfalls eine leichtgewichtige Schlüsselexpansion besitzt jedoch
nicht auf einem Substitutions-Permutations Netzwerk sondern auf dem sogenannten
Lai-Massey Schema basiert. Die oben genannten Techniken können daher bei Bel-T
nicht angewandt werden. Nichtsdestotrotz werden wir auch für den Fall von Bel-T
Verfahren vorstellen, die in der Lage sind den vollständigen geheimen Schlüssel
sehr effizient mit Hilfe von differenzieller Fehleranalyse zu rekonstruieren.
Im zweiten Teil der Doktorarbeit beschäftigen wir uns mit authentifizierenden
Verschlüsselungsverfahren. Während gewöhnliche Chiffren nur die Vertraulichkeit
der verarbeiteten Daten sicherstellen, gewährleisten authentifizierende
Verschlüsselungsverfahren auch deren Authentizität und Integrität. Viele dieser
Chiffren sind darüber hinaus in der Lage auch die Authentizität und Integrität
von sogenannten assoziierten Daten zu gewährleisten. Daten dieses Typs werden in
nicht-verschlüsselter Form übertragen, müssen aber dennoch gegen unbefugte
Veränderungen auf dem Transportweg geschützt sein. Authentifizierende
Verschlüsselungsverfahren bilden heutzutage die Standardtechnologie um Daten
während der Übertragung zu beschützen. Aktuell eingesetzte Verfahren weisen
jedoch oftmals Defizite auf und es existieren vielfältige Ansatzpunkte für
Verbesserungen. Mit NORX stellen wir ein neuartiges authentifizierendes
Verschlüsselungsverfahren vor, welches assoziierte Daten unterstützt. Dieser
Algorithmus wurde vor allem im Hinblick auf Einsatzgebiete mit hohen
Sicherheitsanforderungen, Effizienz in Hardware und Software, Einfachheit, und
Robustheit gegenüber Seitenkanalangriffen entwickelt. Neben der Spezifikation
präsentieren wir besondere Eigenschaften, angestrebte Sicherheitsziele, Details
zur Implementierung, umfassende Performanz-Messungen und diskutieren Vorteile
gegenüber aktuellen Standards. Schließlich stellen wir Ergebnisse unserer
vorläufigen Sicherheitsanalyse vor, bei der wir uns vor allem auf differenzielle
Merkmale und Rotationseigenschaften von NORX konzentrieren. Erwähnenswert sind
dabei vor allem die für die differenzielle Kryptoanalyse von NORX entwickelten
Techniken, die auf die Effizienz von SAT- und SMT-Solvern zurückgreifen und das
Potential besitzen relativ einfach auch auf andere Verschlüsselungsverfahren
übertragen werden zu können
Security of Ubiquitous Computing Systems
The chapters in this open access book arise out of the EU Cost Action project Cryptacus, the objective of which was to improve and adapt existent cryptanalysis methodologies and tools to the ubiquitous computing framework. The cryptanalysis implemented lies along four axes: cryptographic models, cryptanalysis of building blocks, hardware and software security engineering, and security assessment of real-world systems. The authors are top-class researchers in security and cryptography, and the contributions are of value to researchers and practitioners in these domains. This book is open access under a CC BY license
Systematic Characterization of Power Side Channel Attacks for Residual and Added Vulnerabilities
Power Side Channel Attacks have continued to be a major threat to cryptographic devices. Hence, it will be useful for designers of cryptographic systems to systematically identify which type of power Side Channel Attacks their designs remain vulnerable to after implementation. It’s also useful to determine which additional vulnerabilities they have exposed their devices to, after the implementation of a countermeasure or a feature. The goal of this research is to develop a characterization of power side channel attacks on different encryption algorithms\u27 implementations to create metrics and methods to evaluate their residual vulnerabilities and added vulnerabilities. This research studies the characteristics that influence the power side leakage, classifies them, and identifies both the residual vulnerabilities and the added vulnerabilities. Residual vulnerabilities are defined as the traits that leave the implementation of the algorithm still vulnerable to power Side Channel Attacks (SCA), sometimes despite the attempt at implementing countermeasures by the designers. Added vulnerabilities to power SCA are defined as vulnerabilities created or enhanced by the algorithm implementations and/or modifications.
The three buckets in which we categorize the encryption algorithm implementations are:
i. Countermeasures against power side channel attacks,
ii. IC power delivery network impact to power leakage (including voltage regulators),
iii. Lightweight ciphers and applications for the Internet of Things (IoT )
From the characterization of masking countermeasures, an example outcome developed is that masking schemes, when uniformly distributed random masks are used, are still vulnerable to collision power attacks. Another example outcome derived is that masked AES, when glitches occur, is still vulnerable to Differential Power Analysis (DPA). We have developed a characterization of power side-channel attacks on the hardware implementations of different symmetric encryption algorithms to provide a detailed analysis of the effectiveness of state-of-the-art countermeasures against local and remote power side-channel attacks. The characterization is accomplished by studying the attributes that influence power side-channel leaks, classifying them, and identifying both residual vulnerabilities and added vulnerabilities. The evaluated countermeasures include masking, hiding, and power delivery network scrambling. But, vulnerability to DPA depends largely on the quality of the leaked power, which is impacted by the characteristics of the device power delivery network.
Countermeasures and deterrents to power side-channel attacks targeting the alteration or scrambling of the power delivery network have been shown to be effective against local attacks where the malicious agent has physical access to the target system. However, remote attacks that capture the leaked information from within the IC power grid are shown herein to be nonetheless effective at uncovering the secret key in the presence of these countermeasures/deterrents. Theoretical studies and experimental analysis are carried out to define and quantify the impact of integrated voltage regulators, voltage noise injection, and integration of on-package decoupling capacitors for both remote and local attacks. An outcome yielded by the studies is that the use of an integrated voltage regulator as a countermeasure is effective for a local attack. However, remote attacks are still effective and hence break the integrated voltage regulator countermeasure. From experimental analysis, it is observed that within the range of designs\u27 practical values, the adoption of on-package decoupling capacitors provides only a 1.3x increase in the minimum number of traces required to discover the secret key. However, the injection of noise in the IC power delivery network yields a 37x increase in the minimum number of traces to discover. Thus, increasing the number of on-package decoupling capacitors or the impedance between the local probing site and the IC power grid should not be relied on as countermeasures to power side-channel attacks, for remote attack schemes. Noise injection should be considered as it is more effective at scrambling the leaked signal to eliminate sensitive identifying information. However, the analysis and experiments carried out herein are applied to regular symmetric ciphers which are not suitable for protecting Internet of Things (IoT) devices.
The protection of communications between IoT devices is of great concern because the information exchanged contains vital sensitive data. Malicious agents seek to exploit those data to extract secret information about the owners or the system. Power side channel attacks are of great concern on these devices because their power consumption unintentionally leaks information correlatable to the device\u27s secret data. Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of authenticated encryption with advanced data (AEAD), in protecting communications with these devices. In this research, we have proposed a comprehensive evaluation of the ten algorithm finalists of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) IoT lightweight cipher competition. The study shows that, nonetheless, some still present some residual vulnerabilities to power side channel attacks (SCA). For five ciphers, we propose an attack methodology as well as the leakage function needed to perform correlation power analysis (CPA). We assert that Ascon, Sparkle, and PHOTON-Beetle security vulnerability can generally be assessed with the security assumptions Chosen ciphertext attack and leakage in encryption only, with nonce-misuse resilience adversary (CCAmL1) and Chosen ciphertext attack and leakage in encryption only with nonce-respecting adversary (CCAL1) , respectively. However, the security vulnerability of GIFT-COFB, Grain, Romulus, and TinyJambu can be evaluated more straightforwardly with publicly available leakage models and solvers. They can also be assessed simply by increasing the number of traces collected to launch the attack
Security of Ubiquitous Computing Systems
The chapters in this open access book arise out of the EU Cost Action project Cryptacus, the objective of which was to improve and adapt existent cryptanalysis methodologies and tools to the ubiquitous computing framework. The cryptanalysis implemented lies along four axes: cryptographic models, cryptanalysis of building blocks, hardware and software security engineering, and security assessment of real-world systems. The authors are top-class researchers in security and cryptography, and the contributions are of value to researchers and practitioners in these domains. This book is open access under a CC BY license
A Framework for Facilitating Secure Design and Development of IoT Systems
The term Internet of Things (IoT) describes an ever-growing ecosystem of physical objects
or things interconnected with each other and connected to the Internet. IoT devices
consist of a wide range of highly heterogeneous inanimate and animate objects. Thus, a
thing in the context of the IoT can even mean a person with blood pressure or heart rate
monitor implant or a pet with a biochip transponder. IoT devices range from ordinary
household appliances, such as smart light bulbs or smart coffee makers, to sophisticated
tools for industrial automation. IoT is currently leading a revolutionary change in many
industries and, as a result, a lot of industries and organizations are adopting the paradigm
to gain a competitive edge. This allows them to boost operational efficiency and optimize
system performance through real-time data management, which results in an optimized
balance between energy usage and throughput. Another important application area is
the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), which is the application of the IoT in industrial
settings. This is also referred to as the Industrial Internet or Industry 4.0, where Cyber-
Physical Systems (CPS) are interconnected using various technologies to achieve wireless
control as well as advanced manufacturing and factory automation. IoT applications
are becoming increasingly prevalent across many application domains, including smart
healthcare, smart cities, smart grids, smart farming, and smart supply chain management.
Similarly, IoT is currently transforming the way people live and work, and hence
the demand for smart consumer products among people is also increasing steadily. Thus,
many big industry giants, as well as startup companies, are competing to dominate the
market with their new IoT products and services, and hence unlocking the business value
of IoT.
Despite its increasing popularity, potential benefits, and proven capabilities, IoT is still in
its infancy and fraught with challenges. The technology is faced with many challenges, including
connectivity issues, compatibility/interoperability between devices and systems,
lack of standardization, management of the huge amounts of data, and lack of tools for
forensic investigations. However, the state of insecurity and privacy concerns in the IoT
are arguably among the key factors restraining the universal adoption of the technology.
Consequently, many recent research studies reveal that there are security and privacy issues
associated with the design and implementation of several IoT devices and Smart Applications
(smart apps). This can be attributed, partly, to the fact that as some IoT device
makers and smart apps development companies (especially the start-ups) reap business
value from the huge IoT market, they tend to neglect the importance of security. As a
result, many IoT devices and smart apps are created with security vulnerabilities, which
have resulted in many IoT related security breaches in recent years.
This thesis is focused on addressing the security and privacy challenges that were briefly
highlighted in the previous paragraph. Given that the Internet is not a secure environ ment even for the traditional computer systems makes IoT systems even less secure due
to the inherent constraints associated with many IoT devices. These constraints, which are
mainly imposed by cost since many IoT edge devices are expected to be inexpensive and
disposable, include limited energy resources, limited computational and storage capabilities,
as well as lossy networks due to the much lower hardware performance compared
to conventional computers. While there are many security and privacy issues in the IoT
today, arguably a root cause of such issues is that many start-up IoT device manufacturers
and smart apps development companies do not adhere to the concept of security by
design. Consequently, some of these companies produce IoT devices and smart apps with
security vulnerabilities.
In recent years, attackers have exploited different security vulnerabilities in IoT infrastructures
which have caused several data breaches and other security and privacy incidents
involving IoT devices and smart apps. These have attracted significant attention
from the research community in both academia and industry, resulting in a surge of proposals
put forward by many researchers. Although research approaches and findings may
vary across different research studies, the consensus is that a fundamental prerequisite for
addressing IoT security and privacy challenges is to build security and privacy protection
into IoT devices and smart apps from the very beginning. To this end, this thesis investigates
how to bake security and privacy into IoT systems from the onset, and as its main
objective, this thesis particularly focuses on providing a solution that can foster the design
and development of secure IoT devices and smart apps, namely the IoT Hardware Platform
Security Advisor (IoT-HarPSecA) framework. The security framework is expected to
provide support to designers and developers in IoT start-up companies during the design
and implementation of IoT systems. IoT-HarPSecA framework is also expected to facilitate
the implementation of security in existing IoT systems.
To accomplish the previously mentioned objective as well as to affirm the aforementioned
assertion, the following step-by-step problem-solving approach is followed. The first step
is an exhaustive survey of different aspects of IoT security and privacy, including security requirements in IoT architecture, security threats in IoT architecture, IoT application domains
and their associated cyber assets, the complexity of IoT vulnerabilities, and some
possible IoT security and privacy countermeasures; and the survey wraps up with a brief
overview of IoT hardware development platforms. The next steps are the identification of
many challenges and issues associated with the IoT, which narrowed down to the abovementioned
fundamental security/privacy issue; followed by a study of different aspects of
security implementation in the IoT. The remaining steps are the framework design thinking
process, framework design and implementation, and finally, framework performance
evaluation.
IoT-HarPSecA offers three functionality features, namely security requirement elicitation security best practice guidelines for secure development, and above all, a feature that recommends
specific Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithms (LWCAs) for both software and
hardware implementations. Accordingly, IoT-HarPSecA is composed of three main components,
namely Security Requirements Elicitation (SRE) component, Security Best Practice
Guidelines (SBPG) component, and Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithms Recommendation
(LWCAR) component, each of them servicing one of the aforementioned features.
The author has implemented a command-line tool in C++ to serve as an interface
between users and the security framework. This thesis presents a detailed description,
design, and implementation of the SRE, SBPG, and LWCAR components of the security
framework. It also presents real-world practical scenarios that show how IoT-HarPSecA
can be used to elicit security requirements, generate security best practices, and recommend
appropriate LWCAs based on user inputs. Furthermore, the thesis presents performance
evaluation of the SRE, SBPG, and LWCAR components framework tools, which
shows that IoT-HarPSecA can serve as a roadmap for secure IoT development.O termo Internet das coisas (IoT) é utilizado para descrever um ecossistema, em expansão,
de objetos físicos ou elementos interconetados entre si e à Internet. Os dispositivos
IoT consistem numa gama vasta e heterogénea de objetos animados ou inanimados e,
neste contexto, podem pertencer à IoT um indivíduo com um implante que monitoriza a
frequência cardíaca ou até mesmo um animal de estimação que tenha um biochip. Estes
dispositivos variam entre eletrodomésticos, tais como máquinas de café ou lâmpadas inteligentes,
a ferramentas sofisticadas de uso na automatização industrial. A IoT está a
revolucionar e a provocar mudanças em várias indústrias e muitas adotam esta tecnologia
para incrementar as suas vantagens competitivas. Este paradigma melhora a eficiência
operacional e otimiza o desempenho de sistemas através da gestão de dados em tempo
real, resultando num balanço otimizado entre o uso energético e a taxa de transferência.
Outra área de aplicação é a IoT Industrial (IIoT) ou internet industrial ou Indústria 4.0,
ou seja, uma aplicação de IoT no âmbito industrial, onde os sistemas ciberfísicos estão interconectados
a diversas tecnologias de forma a obter um controlo de rede sem fios, bem
como fabricações avançadas e automatização fabril. As aplicações da IoT estão a crescer
e a tornarem-se predominantes em muitos domínios de aplicação inteligentes como sistemas
de saúde, cidades, redes, agricultura e sistemas de fornecimento. Da mesma forma,
a IoT está a transformar estilos de vida e de trabalho e assim, a procura por produtos inteligentes
está constantemente a aumentar. As grandes indústrias e startups competem
entre si de forma a dominar o mercado com os seus novos serviços e produtos IoT, desbloqueando
o valor de negócio da IoT.
Apesar da sua crescente popularidade, benefícios e capacidades comprovadas, a IoT está
ainda a dar os seus primeiros passos e é confrontada com muitos desafios. Entre eles,
problemas de conectividade, compatibilidade/interoperabilidade entre dispositivos e sistemas,
falta de padronização, gestão das enormes quantidades de dados e ainda falta de
ferramentas para investigações forenses. No entanto, preocupações quanto ao estado de
segurança e privacidade ainda estão entre os fatores adversos à adesão universal desta
tecnologia. Estudos recentes revelaram que existem questões de segurança e privacidade
associadas ao design e implementação de vários dispositivos IoT e aplicações inteligentes
(smart apps.), isto pode ser devido ao facto, em parte, de que alguns fabricantes e empresas
de desenvolvimento de dispositivos (especialmente startups) IoT e smart apps., recolham
o valor de negócio dos grandes mercados IoT, negligenciando assim a importância
da segurança, resultando em dispositivos IoT e smart apps. com carências e violações de
segurança da IoT nos últimos anos.
Esta tese aborda os desafios de segurança e privacidade que foram supra mencionados.
Visto que a Internet e os sistemas informáticos tradicionais são por vezes considerados inseguros,
os sistemas IoT tornam-se ainda mais inseguros, devido a restrições inerentes a tais dispositivos. Estas restrições são impostas devido ao custo, uma vez que se espera que
muitos dispositivos de ponta sejam de baixo custo e descartáveis, com recursos energéticos
limitados, bem como limitações na capacidade de armazenamento e computacionais,
e redes com perdas devido a um desempenho de hardware de qualidade inferior, quando
comparados com computadores convencionais. Uma das raízes do problema é o facto
de que muitos fabricantes, startups e empresas de desenvolvimento destes dispositivos e
smart apps não adiram ao conceito de segurança por construção, ou seja, logo na conceção,
não preveem a proteção da privacidade e segurança. Assim, alguns dos produtos e
dispositivos produzidos apresentam vulnerabilidades na segurança.
Nos últimos anos, hackers maliciosos têm explorado diferentes vulnerabilidades de segurança
nas infraestruturas da IoT, causando violações de dados e outros incidentes de
privacidade envolvendo dispositivos IoT e smart apps. Estes têm atraído uma atenção significativa
por parte das comunidades académica e industrial, que culminaram num grande
número de propostas apresentadas por investigadores científicos. Ainda que as abordagens
de pesquisa e os resultados variem entre os diferentes estudos, há um consenso e
pré-requisito fundamental para enfrentar os desafios de privacidade e segurança da IoT,
que buscam construir proteção de segurança e privacidade em dispositivos IoT e smart
apps. desde o fabrico. Para esta finalidade, esta tese investiga como produzir segurança
e privacidade destes sistemas desde a produção, e como principal objetivo, concentra-se
em fornecer soluções que possam promover a conceção e o desenvolvimento de dispositivos
IoT e smart apps., nomeadamente um conjunto de ferramentas chamado Consultor
de Segurança da Plataforma de Hardware da IoT (IoT-HarPSecA). Espera-se que o conjunto
de ferramentas forneça apoio a designers e programadores em startups durante a
conceção e implementação destes sistemas ou que facilite a integração de mecanismos de
segurança nos sistemas préexistentes.
De modo a alcançar o objetivo proposto, recorre-se à seguinte abordagem. A primeira fase
consiste num levantamento exaustivo de diferentes aspetos da segurança e privacidade na
IoT, incluindo requisitos de segurança na arquitetura da IoT e ameaças à sua segurança,
os seus domínios de aplicação e os ativos cibernéticos associados, a complexidade das
vulnerabilidades da IoT e ainda possíveis contramedidas relacionadas com a segurança e
privacidade. Evolui-se para uma breve visão geral das plataformas de desenvolvimento
de hardware da IoT. As fases seguintes consistem na identificação dos desafios e questões
associadas à IoT, que foram restringidos às questões de segurança e privacidade. As demais
etapas abordam o processo de pensamento de conceção (design thinking), design e
implementação e, finalmente, a avaliação do desempenho.
O IoT-HarPSecA é composto por três componentes principais: a Obtenção de Requisitos
de Segurança (SRE), Orientações de Melhores Práticas de Segurança (SBPG) e a recomendação
de Componentes de Algoritmos Criptográficos Leves (LWCAR) na implementação de software e hardware. O autor implementou uma ferramenta em linha de comandos
usando linguagem C++ que serve como interface entre os utilizadores e a IoT-HarPSecA.
Esta tese apresenta ainda uma descrição detalhada, desenho e implementação das componentes
SRE, SBPG, e LWCAR. Apresenta ainda cenários práticos do mundo real que
demostram como o IoT-HarPSecA pode ser utilizado para elicitar requisitos de segurança,
gerar boas práticas de segurança (em termos de recomendações de implementação) e recomendar
algoritmos criptográficos leves apropriados com base no contributo dos utilizadores.
De igual forma, apresenta-se a avaliação do desempenho destes três componentes,
demonstrando que o IoT-HarPSecA pode servir como um roteiro para o desenvolvimento
seguro da IoT
Energy Efficient Hardware Design for Securing the Internet-of-Things
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a rapidly growing field that holds potential to transform our everyday lives by placing tiny devices and sensors everywhere. The ubiquity and scale of IoT devices require them to be extremely energy efficient. Given the physical exposure to malicious agents, security is a critical challenge within the constrained resources. This dissertation presents energy-efficient hardware designs for IoT security.
First, this dissertation presents a lightweight Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) accelerator design. By analyzing the algorithm, a novel method to manipulate two internal steps to eliminate storage registers and replace flip-flops with latches to save area is discovered. The proposed AES accelerator achieves state-of-art area and energy efficiency.
Second, the inflexibility and high Non-Recurring Engineering (NRE) costs of Application-Specific-Integrated-Circuits (ASICs) motivate a more flexible solution. This dissertation presents a reconfigurable cryptographic processor, called Recryptor, which achieves performance and energy improvements for a wide range of security algorithms across public key/secret key cryptography and hash functions. The proposed design employs circuit techniques in-memory and near-memory computing and is more resilient to power analysis attack. In addition, a simulator for in-memory computation is proposed. It is of high cost to design and evaluate new-architecture like in-memory computing in Register-transfer level (RTL). A C-based simulator is designed to enable fast design space exploration and large workload simulations. Elliptic curve arithmetic and Galois counter mode are evaluated in this work.
Lastly, an error resilient register circuit, called iRazor, is designed to tolerate unpredictable variations in manufacturing process operating temperature and voltage of VLSI systems. When integrated into an ARM processor, this adaptive approach outperforms competing industrial techniques such as frequency binning and canary circuits in performance and energy.PHDElectrical EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/147546/1/zhyiqun_1.pd
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