Anticipation as prediction in the predication of data types

Every object in existence has its type. Every subject in language has its predicate. Every intension in logic has its extension. Each therefore has two levels but with the fundamental problem of the relationship between the two. The formalism of set theory cannot guarantee the two are co-extensive. That has to be imposed by the axiom of extensibility, which is inadequate for types as shown by Bertrand Russell's rami ed type theory, for language as by Henri Poincar e's impredication and for intension unless satisfying Port Royal's de nitive concept. An anticipatory system is usually de ned to contain its own future state. What is its type? What is its predicate? What is its extension? Set theory can well represent formally the weak anticipatory system, that is in a model of itself. However we have previously shown that the metaphysics of process category theory is needed to represent strong anticipation. Time belongs to extension not intension. The apparent prediction of strong anticipation is really in the structure of its predication. The typing of anticipation arises from a combination of and | respectively (co) multiplication of the (co)monad induced by adjointness of the system's own process. As a property of cartesian closed categories this predication has signi cance for all typing in general systems theory including even in the de nition of time itself

Preparation and characterization of protein-nanotube conjugates

This chapter describes methods of immobilizing proteins on carbon nanotubes, using two different routes—physical adsorption and covalent attachment. We also provide an overview on how such conjugates can be characterized with the help of various techniques, such as Raman, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), circular dichroism (CD), and fluorescence spectroscopies, in addition to the standard enzyme kinetic analyses of activity and stability. Both the attachment routes—covalent and noncovalent—could be used to prepare protein conjugates that retained a significant fraction of their native structure and function; furthermore, the protein conjugates were operationally stable, reusable, and functional even under harsh denaturing conditions. These studies therefore corroborate the use of these immobilization methods to engineer functional carbon nanotube-protein hybrids that are highly active and stable

Graphene based nanostructures: towards application with carbon nanofibers

Graphene nanostructures have got great attention of the researchers worldwide in the last two decades owing to their excellent physical, chemical, optical, and electronic properties. The continuing efforts to miniaturize the electronic devices have stirred the need for searching alternate materials with high aspect ratio and improved electrical properties. Carbon nanofibers having sub-micron diameter serve as a bridge where the fundamental graphene concepts could be tangibly applied and measured compared to carbon fibers. The thesis project stems from this concept. In this context, the present research work is focused on the realization of graphene nanostructures through carbon nanofiber, its graphitic structure and electrical transport properties. The thesis systematically discusses the basic process parameters and their impact on the graphitic structure from electrospinning to stabilization and carbonization. The graphitic structure is significant as it dictates the electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties. Particularly, two different approaches are used to modify the graphitic structure of carbon nanofibers, namely creep stress induced graphitization and nanocarbon templated graphitization. Both the independent and synergistic effects of these two approaches have been explored, first on the polyacrylonitrile graphitization and then on the electrical transport properties. We showed that creep stress during stabilization improves the degree of cyclization of PAN at lower temperatures. It was found that though the degree of cyclization may be the same, the graphitic order of carbon nanofibers after carbonization shows marked difference. The application of creep stress avoids the curving of graphene planes which takes places due to in-situ hepta- and penta-ring formation. Moreover, the nanocarbon inclusion based templated graphitization improves the PAN graphitic order by lowering of ID/IG ratio, increasing the crystallite size, and enhancing the orientation of graphitic domains. The improvement of graphitic order is attributed to the anchoring of PAN chains by nanocarbon inclusion during stabilization which prevents the loss of polymer chain alignment. Further, the nanocarbon templating effect for nucleation and growth of carbon crystal was observed. The last phase of the project explores rather the synergistic effects of these both approaches on graphitization degree and electrical transport of PAN. The sp2 fraction and ordering of graphitic domains is influenced by nanocarbon inclusion (CNTs). However, the combined effect of CNTs and creep stress does increase the sp2 fraction but deteriorates their alignment. By investigating the mutual and individual effect of above approaches, we were able to conclude that the electrical transport in sub-micron carbon nanofiber is mainly dependent on the alignment of graphitic domains (sp2 clusters). The electrical transport could be understood as the cumulative effect of band-based conductivity along sp2 units and tunneling between sp2 and sp3 clusters. These findings will pave a way for fabrication of carbon fibers with tailored graphitic structure and electrical conductivity for applications in cables, energy storage and sensing electrodes

Phononics: Manipulating heat flow with electronic analogs and beyond

The form of energy termed heat that typically derives from lattice vibrations, i.e. the phonons, is usually considered as waste energy and, moreover, deleterious to information processing. However, with this colloquium, we attempt to rebut this common view: By use of tailored models we demonstrate that phonons can be manipulated like electrons and photons can, thus enabling controlled heat transport. Moreover, we explain that phonons can be put to beneficial use to carry and process information. In a first part we present ways to control heat transport and how to process information for physical systems which are driven by a temperature bias. Particularly, we put forward the toolkit of familiar electronic analogs for exercising phononics; i.e. phononic devices which act as thermal diodes, thermal transistors, thermal logic gates and thermal memories, etc.. These concepts are then put to work to transport, control and rectify heat in physical realistic nanosystems by devising practical designs of hybrid nanostructures that permit the operation of functional phononic devices and, as well, report first experimental realizations. Next, we discuss yet richer possibilities to manipulate heat flow by use of time varying thermal bath temperatures or various other external fields. These give rise to a plenty of intriguing phononic nonequilibrium phenomena as for example the directed shuttling of heat, a geometrical phase induced heat pumping, or the phonon Hall effect, that all may find its way into operation with electronic analogs.Comment: 24 pages, 16 figures, modified title and revised, accepted for publication in Rev. Mod. Phy