Comparing the Job Satisfaction and Intention to Leave of Different Categories of Health Workers in Tanzania, Malawi, and South Africa.

Job satisfaction is an important determinant of health worker motivation, retention, and performance, all of which are critical to improving the functioning of health systems in low- and middle-income countries. A number of small-scale surveys have measured the job satisfaction and intention to leave of individual health worker cadres in different settings, but there are few multi-country and multi-cadre comparative studies. The objective of this study was to compare the job satisfaction and intention to leave of different categories of health workers in Tanzania, Malawi, and South Africa. We undertook a cross-sectional survey of a stratified cluster sample of 2,220 health workers, 564 from Tanzania, 939 from Malawi, and 717 from South Africa. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire, which included demographic information, a 10-item job satisfaction scale, and one question on intention to leave. Multiple regression was used to identify significant predictors of job satisfaction and intention to leave. There were statistically significant differences in job satisfaction and intention to leave between the three countries. Approximately 52.1% of health workers in South Africa were satisfied with their jobs compared to 71% from Malawi and 82.6% from Tanzania (χ2=140.3, p<0.001). 18.8% of health workers in Tanzania and 26.5% in Malawi indicated that they were actively seeking employment elsewhere, compared to 41.4% in South Africa (χ2=83.5, p<0.001). The country differences were confirmed by multiple regression. The study also confirmed that job satisfaction is statistically related to intention to leave. We have shown differences in the levels of job satisfaction and intention to leave between different groups of health workers from Tanzania, Malawi, and South Africa. Our results caution against generalising about the effectiveness of interventions in different contexts and highlight the need for less standardised and more targeted HRH strategies than has been practised to date

Satisfaction with retention factors as predictors of the job embeddedness of medical and information technology services staff

The objective of the study was to determine whether employees’ satisfaction with retention factors (measured by the Retention Factors Scale) significantly predicted their job embeddedness (measured by the Job Embeddedness Scale). A quantitative survey was conducted on a purposive sample (n=206) of early career medical and information technology services staff, identified as scarce skills in a South African client services company. Retention factors such as training and development, career opportunities, supervisor support and the characteristics of the job (skills variety, challenge and autonomy) were shown to significantly predict the participants’ sense of job embeddedness. Satisfaction with training and development opportunities was the best predictor of organisational fit, while satisfaction with career opportunities was the best predictor of organisational sacrifice. The findings add valuable new knowledge that may be used to inform retention strategies for professional staff with scarce skills in the medical and information technology services sector.Key words: retention factors, perceived job embeddedness, training and development, career opportunities, job characteristics, supervisor suppor

Actuarial resources in high demand, what makes them stay?

The shortage of qualified actuaries and actuarial science resources in general, remains a challenge for organisations operating in the South African financial and insurance sectors. Access to such resources are a business imperative for these organisations and, therefore, there is a compelling business case to better understand which total rewards elements contribute most to the retention of individuals that possess these critical and also scarce skills. Furthermore, it would seem that traditional strategies that are meant to retain actuaries and/or actuarial science resources are no longer effective and new and innovative approaches in terms of their design and implementation need to be found. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to investigate the retention of actuarial resources and identify the total rewards elements that will be most useful in creating the conditions that are conducive for them to stay within their respective organisations. Limited research in which the total rewards elements that may contribute most to the retention of actuarial resources, could be found. Greater insight in this area will hopefully enable organisations to develop reward policies and practices that are able to more effectively attract and retain actuarial resources. A descriptive research design and quantitative approach was employed to estimate the total rewards preferences of actuaries, in other words which reward elements they would prefer and that may be related to their intention to stay. Using a non-probability convenience sampling approach, primary data was collected by means of an online field survey (n = 135). The questionnaire that was used to collect data, included a total rewards sub-scale (21 items), a reward preferences sub-scale based on best-worst scaling (10 items), a job satisfaction subscale (6 items), an intention to stay sub-scale (4 items), an affective commitment sub-scale (6 items) and a single open-ended question, which was optional. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics, factor analysis, assessing reliability using Cronbach’s alpha and conducting inferential statistics. The results of the factor analysis indicated that the total rewards dimensions do not influence intention to stay of the participants. Although job satisfaction and affective commitment were found to be significantly positively related to intention to stay, these variables were not found to mediate the relationship between total reward elements and intention to stay. The best-worst scaling results revealed that all participants considered remuneration and career advancement to be the most important total reward element for their intention to stay. For all generational groups, the bottom three reward elements (i.e. ranked) were learning opportunities, performance recognition and employee benefits, respectively. Traditional reward elements are important to employees with scarce skills. However, customizing reward preferences according to the generational preferences would enable an innovative approach to talent retention of actuarial resources

Commitment and the intention to quit amongst nurses

Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-71)

Review of factors which contribute to graduate employees' intention to stay in South Africa

In the past decade, human resource practitioners have focused their attention on employee retention. They have tried various practices in order to keep their employees in the organisation for longer. The research gap identified is in the graduate employees' intention to stay context. There has been even less research in this field within South Africa. This study aims to examine the extent to which career advancement opportunities and supervisor involvement contribute to graduate employees' intention to stay. In addition, this study focused on four factors namely, career progression, continuous learning, performance management and recognition in analysing the extent to which these four factors have contributed to graduate employees' intention to stay. Job satisfaction and affective commitment were also examined for their mediational effects on the relationship between career advancement opportunities, supervisor involvement and graduate employees' intention to stay. Graduate employees working in South African organisations participated in a self-report, quantitative survey (N = 357). Whilst the exploratory factor analysis of the intention to stay revealed a unidimensional factor, it was interesting to note that career progression and continuous learning loaded onto one distinct factor, labelled as career advancement opportunities. The multiple regression analysis indicated that career advancement opportunities and supervisor involvement were statistically significant predictors of intention to stay. Process mediation was used to test whether job satisfaction and affective commitment were mediators between career advancement opportunities, supervisor involvement and intention to stay. It was found that both job satisfaction and affective commitment were significant partial mediators in the abovementioned relationship. The study discusses suggestions for future research and the implications, both theoretical and practical, associated with the study

An analysis of role stress and turnover intention

Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-74).The primary purpose of the study was to analyse the relationship between role stress and turnover intention among registered professional nurses in three public academic hospitals in the Western Cape. It further examined the dimensions of role stress to establish a hierarchy of these variables as experienced by the sample population. Role stress comprised of the following dimensions: role conflict, role ambiguity, role overload, resources inadequacy, skills inadequacy and constant change

Training a fit-for-purpose rural health workforce for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): how do drivers and enablers of rural practice intention differ between learners from LMICs and high income countries?

Equity in health outcomes for rural and remote populations in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is limited by a range of socio-economic, cultural and environmental determinants of health. Health professional education that is sensitive to local population needs and that attends to all elements of the rural pathway is vital to increase the proportion of the health workforce that practices in underserved rural and remote areas. The Training for Health Equity Network (THEnet) is a community-of-practice of 13 health professional education institutions with a focus on delivering socially accountable education to produce a fit-for-purpose health workforce. The THEnet Graduate Outcome Study is an international prospective cohort study with more than 6,000 learners from nine health professional schools in seven countries (including four LMICs; the Philippines, Sudan, South Africa and Nepal). Surveys of learners are administered at entry to and exit from medical school, and at years 1, 4, 7, and 10 thereafter. The association of learners' intention to practice in rural and other underserved areas, and a range of individual and institutional level variables at two time points—entry to and exit from the medical program, are examined and compared between country income settings. These findings are then triangulated with a sociocultural exploration of the structural relationships between educational and health service delivery ministries in each setting, status of postgraduate training for primary care, and current policy settings. This analysis confirmed the association of rural background with intention to practice in rural areas at both entry and exit. Intention to work abroad was greater for learners at entry, with a significant shift to an intention to work in-country for learners with entry and exit data. Learners at exit were more likely to intend a career in generalist disciplines than those at entry however lack of health policy and unclear career pathways limits the effectiveness of educational strategies in LMICs. This multi-national study of learners from medical schools with a social accountability mandate confirms that it is possible to produce a health workforce with a strong intent to practice in rural areas through attention to all aspects of the rural pathway

Ghanaian Teachers’ Career Orientations and Their Turnover Intentions

The study empirically investigated what career anchors were dominant among Ghanaian teachers, and whether the teachers’ career orientations significantly influenced their turnover intentions. The study employed the quantitative survey design and sampled 297 teachers (141 males, 156 females) from basic schools (year 1-9) and senior high schools (year 10-12). The average age of the participants was 31.4 years. Two sets of standardized instruments – Schein’s 8-factor Career Orientations Inventory and the 3-item Turnover Intention Scale from the Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire were adapted to collect data for the study. The data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. It was found that, of the eight measures of the Career Orientations Inventory, service and dedication to a cause, entrepreneurial creativity and functional competence were the most dominant among the teachers. Concerning the influence of the various career anchor measures on turnover intentions, the results indicate that, all the anchors, except security and stability and service and dedication to cause, significantly influenced turnover intentions of teachers. The implications of these results are discussed and recommendations made to help curb teacher attrition in Ghanaian schools. Keywords: Career orientation, carer anchor, turnover intentions, teachers, Ghanaian

Rural health extension workers’ intention to leave their jobs and associated factors, North Wollo Zone, northeast Ethiopia

Background: The intention to leave primary jobs has risen in importance in the global dialogue on the health workforce. The related concept of staff turnover has also generated debate.&nbsp;This study was conducted to assess health extension workers’ intention to leave their jobs in North Wollo Zone, northeast Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in North Wollo Zone from February to April 2016. Using a multi-stage stratified sampling technique, a total of 383 participants were selected. The data were entered into EpiData version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed to identify significant factors. Odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and p-values were used to measure the strength and presence of statistical associations. Results: The study showed that 64.1% (95% CI: 59.2, 69) of health extension workers had an intention to leave their jobs. Statistically significant factors were: low salary (AOR = 2.23; 95% CI: 1.98, 4.25); high workload (AOR = 2.78; 95% CI: 1.46, 5.31); dissatisfaction with educational opportunities (AOR = 3.74: 95% CI: 1.56, 8.27); dissatisfaction with payments and benefits (AOR = 3.32; 95% CI: 1.87, 6.68); dissatisfaction with the lack of recognition (AOR = 2.15; 95% CI: 1.18, 3.63); and dissatisfaction with working environments (AOR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.18, 3.52). Conclusions: The proportion of participants who intended to leave their jobs was high. Hence, developing evidence-based retention strategies focusing on payments, educational opportunities, incentives, and work environment could help reduce the intention of health extension workers to leave their jobs.&nbsp;[Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2020; 34(2):106-113] Keywords: Intention to leave, health extension workers, North Wollo Zone, Ethiopi