Verification of Shared-Reading Synchronisers

Synchronisation classes are an important building block for shared memory concurrent programs. Thus to reason about such programs, it is important to be able to verify the implementation of these synchronisation classes, considering atomic operations as the synchronisation primitives on which the implementations are built. For synchronisation classes controlling exclusive access to a shared resource, such as locks, a technique has been proposed to reason about their behaviour. This paper proposes a technique to verify implementations of both exclusive access and shared-reading synchronisers. We use permission-based Separation Logic to describe the behaviour of the main atomic operations, and the basis for our technique is formed by a specification for class AtomicInteger, which is commonly used to implement synchronisation classes in java.util.concurrent. To demonstrate the applicability of our approach, we mechanically verify the implementation of various synchronisation classes like Semaphore, CountDownLatch and Lock.Comment: In Proceedings MeTRiD 2018, arXiv:1806.0933

Understanding and evolving the Rust programming language

Rust is a young systems programming language that aims to fill the gap between high-level languages—which provide strong static guarantees like memory and thread safety—and low-level languages—which give the programmer fine-grained control over data layout and memory management. This dissertation presents two projects establishing the first formal foundations for Rust, enabling us to better understand and evolve this important language: RustBelt and Stacked Borrows. RustBelt is a formal model of Rust’s type system, together with a soundness proof establishing memory and thread safety. The model is designed to verify the safety of a number of intricate APIs from the Rust standard library, despite the fact that the implementations of these APIs use unsafe language features. Stacked Borrows is a proposed extension of the Rust specification, which enables the compiler to use the strong aliasing information in Rust’s types to better analyze and optimize the code it is compiling. The adequacy of this specification is evaluated not only formally, but also by running real Rust code in an instrumented version of Rust’s Miri interpreter that implements the Stacked Borrows semantics. RustBelt is built on top of Iris, a language-agnostic framework, implemented in the Coq proof assistant, for building higher-order concurrent separation logics. This dissertation begins by giving an introduction to Iris, and explaining how Iris enables the derivation of complex high-level reasoning principles from a few simple ingredients. In RustBelt, this technique is exploited crucially to introduce the lifetime logic, which provides a novel separation-logic account of borrowing, a key distinguishing feature of the Rust type system.Rust ist eine junge systemnahe Programmiersprache, die es sich zum Ziel gesetzt hat, die Lücke zu schließen zwischen Sprachen mit hohem Abstraktionsniveau, die vor Speicher- und Nebenläufigkeitsfehlern schützen, und Sprachen mit niedrigem Abstraktionsniveau, welche dem Programmierer detaillierte Kontrolle über die Repräsentation von Daten und die Verwaltung des Speichers ermöglichen. Diese Dissertation stellt zwei Projekte vor, welche die ersten formalen Grundlagen für Rust zum Zwecke des besseren Verständnisses und der weiteren Entwicklung dieser wichtigen Sprache legen: RustBelt und Stacked Borrows. RustBelt ist ein formales Modell des Typsystems von Rust einschließlich eines Korrektheitsbeweises, welcher die Sicherheit von Speicherzugriffen und Nebenläufigkeit zeigt. Das Modell ist darauf ausgerichtet, einige komplexe Komponenten der Standardbibliothek von Rust zu verifizieren, obwohl die Implementierung dieser Komponenten unsichere Sprachkonstrukte verwendet. Stacked Borrows ist eine Erweiterung der Spezifikation von Rust, die es dem Compiler ermöglicht, den Quelltext mit Hilfe der im Typsystem kodierten Alias-Informationen besser zu analysieren und zu optimieren. Die Tauglichkeit dieser Spezifikation wird nicht nur formal belegt, sondern auch an echten Programmen getestet, und zwar mit Hilfe einer um Stacked Borrows erweiterten Version des Interpreters Miri. RustBelt basiert auf Iris, welches die Konstruktion von Separationslogiken für beliebige Programmiersprachen im Beweisassistenten Coq ermöglicht. Diese Dissertation beginnt mit einer Einführung in Iris und erklärt, wie komplexe Beweismethoden mit Hilfe weniger einfacher Bausteine hergeleitet werden können. In RustBelt wird diese Technik für die Umsetzung der „Lebenszeitlogik“ verwendet, einer Erweiterung der Separationslogik mit dem Konzept von „Leihgaben“ (borrows), welche eine wichtige Rolle im Typsystem von Rust spielen.This research was supported in part by a European Research Council (ERC) Consolidator Grant for the project "RustBelt", funded under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (grant agreement no. 683289)

Prove Once, Run Efficiently Anywhere: Tools for Lock-free Concurrent Algorithms

The multi-core revolution has pushed programmers and algorithm designers to build algorithms that leverage concurrency. This notoriously difficult task is futher complicated by the existence of weak architecture and language memory models. The presence of many such memory models has traditionally forced correctness proofs for lock-free concurrent algorithms to be performed on a per-model basis, resulting in a significant duplication of effort. We demonstrate that the correctness of lock-free concurrent algorithms can be proved once for implementations that can be compiled to run correctly and efficiently on all mainstream memory models

Precision and the conjunction rule in Concurrent Separation Logic

Concurrent separation logic is a Hoare logic for modular reasoning about concurrent heapmanipulating programs synchronising via locks. It achieves modular reasoning by partitioning the program state into thread-local and lock-protected parts, and assigning resource invariants to the latter. Surprisingly, the logic is unsound unless resource invariants are precise, i.e., unambiguously carve out an area of the heap. The counterexample showing the unsoundness involves the conjunction rule. However, to date it has been an open question whether concurrent separation logic without the conjunction rule is sound when the restriction on resource invariants is dropped: all the published proofs have the precision restriction baked in. In this paper we present a single proof that shows the soundness of the logic with imprecise resource invariants, but without the conjunction rule, as well as its classical version, where resource invariants are required to be precise and the conjunction rule is included. Our proof yields a precise and direct formulation of O’Hearn’s Separation Property and provides a semantic analysis of the logic that is much more elementary than previous proofs. Keywords: Separation logic, concurrency, precision, conjunction rule