Power Losses Analysis of Converter for Switched Reluctance Motor Drive with Fault-Tolerant Control

Power losses of power converters are critical information related to the overall system reliability. To quantitatively assess the impact of fault-tolerant control on the reliability of switched reluctance machine (SRM) system, this paper investigates the power loss distribution of the converter for an SRM system under different controls (i.e., with and without fault-tolerant control). Besides, different mission profiles are considered to make the assessment more practical. The drive system is firstly presented under normal and fault tolerant operations, and then followed by the corresponding power losses calculation and analysis. Simulations are carried out on an SRM drive system to support the power losses analysis

Power losses analysis of multiphase DC-DC buck converter using OrCAD PSpice software

DC-DC buck converters have wide applications in portable electronic devices, battery chargers, and telecommunications. However, single-phase DC-DC buck converters have some drawbacks, especially in high current applications, where the increase in the size of the inductor will increase power losses, which significantly affects the overall efficiency of the converter. The multiphase configuration offers several advantages, such as reduction in output voltage ripple, input current ripple, conduction loss, and the physical size of the hardware. This paper presents an analysis of the power losses of the multiphase DC-DC buck converter with output power ranging between 50 watts to 250 watts. To verify the effectiveness of the multiphase converter, performance analysis was done using OrCAD PSpice software, where the number of phases was limited to five phases. This paper focused on power losses in the converter, namely conduction losses in diodes and MOSFETs, switching loss in MOSFETs, as well as losses in the inductor and capacitor. The relationship between the number of phases and factors of switching frequency, output, and the components’ internal resistance was also highlighted and discussed in detail

Automatic fault detection on BIPV systems without solar irradiation data

BIPV systems are small PV generation units spread out over the territory, and whose characteristics are very diverse. This makes difficult a cost-effective procedure for monitoring, fault detection, performance analyses, operation and maintenance. As a result, many problems affecting BIPV systems go undetected. In order to carry out effective automatic fault detection procedures, we need a performance indicator that is reliable and that can be applied on many PV systems at a very low cost. The existing approaches for analyzing the performance of PV systems are often based on the Performance Ratio (PR), whose accuracy depends on good solar irradiation data, which in turn can be very difficult to obtain or cost-prohibitive for the BIPV owner. We present an alternative fault detection procedure based on a performance indicator that can be constructed on the sole basis of the energy production data measured at the BIPV systems. This procedure does not require the input of operating conditions data, such as solar irradiation, air temperature, or wind speed. The performance indicator, called Performance to Peers (P2P), is constructed from spatial and temporal correlations between the energy output of neighboring and similar PV systems. This method was developed from the analysis of the energy production data of approximately 10,000 BIPV systems located in Europe. The results of our procedure are illustrated on the hourly, daily and monthly data monitored during one year at one BIPV system located in the South of Belgium. Our results confirm that it is possible to carry out automatic fault detection procedures without solar irradiation data. P2P proves to be more stable than PR most of the time, and thus constitutes a more reliable performance indicator for fault detection procedures.Comment: 7 pages, 8 figures, conference proceedings, 29th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Amsterdam, 201

Safety issues in PV systems: design choices for a secure fault detection and for preventing fire risk

Photovoltaic systems have played a key role over the last decade in the evolution of the electricity sector. In terms of safety design, it's important to consider that a PV plant constitutes a special system of generation, where the Direct Current (DC) presence results in changes to the technical rules. Moreover, if certain electrical faults occur, the plant is a possible source of fire. Choices regarding the grounding of the generator and its protection devices are fundamental for a design that evaluates fire risk. The subject of the article is the analysis of the relation between electrical phenomena in PV systems and the fire risk related to ensuring appropriate fault detection by the electrical protection system. A description of a grid-connected PV system is followed firstly by a comparison of the design solutions provided by international Standards, and secondly by an analysis of electrical phenomena which may trigger a fire. A study of two existing PV systems, where electrical faults have resulted in fires, is then presented. The study highlights the importance of checking all possible failure modes in a PV system design phase, to assess fire risk in advance. Some guidelines for the mitigation of electrical faults that may result in a fire are finally provided

Perencanaan dan Simulasi Sistem Pendistribusian Kelistrikan Tegangan Rendah Kawasan Kampus III Universitas Islam Negeri Imam Bonjol Padang

The Campus III area of Imam Bonjol State Islamic University Padang is located in the Bangek River area, Balai Gadang Kec. Koto Tangah, Padang-West Sumatra, with an area of 39,000 m2. The Campus III area of Imam Bonjol State Islamic University, Padang consists of 8 lecture buildings which are divided into 2 electricity distribution zones. PLN (Persero), 20 kV medium voltage system. Each building has a panel that is supplied with electricity from a low voltage panel (PUTR). The distribution of the load for each building has different distances, some are near and far from the power source. The total power in the Campus III area of Imam Bonjol State Islamic University, Padang is 3,069.1 kVA with a TDL of PT. PLN (Persero) 3.465 kVA voltage 20 kV. The ground cable used is NYFGbY type with sizes 4x150mm2, 4x185mm2 and 4x240mm2. From the results of the calculation of the voltage drop from the existing data, the largest voltage drop was obtained at 155.13 volts or 40.82% and the smallest voltage drop was obtained at 2.58 volts or 0.67%. the largest voltage was obtained at 9.16 volts or 2.41% and the smallest voltage drop was obtained at 2.58 volts or 0.67%. From the results of the calculation of power losses with the data obtained, the results of power losses at 32,905.58 Watts (0.9%). While the calculation of power losses analysis results in 21,642.11 Watts (0.59%). From the simulation results of losses and voltage drop at ETAP 12.6, the highest voltage drop is on MDP 1-SDP L with a percentage of 4.34% and the value of losses is 10.7 kW and the lowest voltage drop is on MDP 1-SDP J with a percentage of 0.60% and the value of losses is 1.0 kW

Simple Lossless Inductive Snubbers-Assisted Series Load Resonant Inverter Operating under ZCS-PDM Scheme for High-Frequency Induction Heating Fixed Roller

This paper presents a high-frequency pulse-density-modulated (PDM) soft-switching series load resonant inverter for use in induction heating (IH) fixed roller applications, which is used in copy and printing machines. The proposed simple high-frequency resonant inverter uses an asymmetrical pulse pattern PDM control scheme to achieve complete zero-current soft-switching commutations over a wide output range of input power regulation. Additionally, when the printer toner requires operation in very light load conditions, this causes difficulty in achieving zero-voltage or zero-current soft-switching operations in the IH high-frequency resonant inverters with pulse frequency modulation or pulse width modulation control schemes. The proposed resonant inverter demonstrates the capability to accomplish highly efficient power conversions. In this work, a fixed roller for printing machines is developed for doing experiments to verify the efficiency of the proposed circuit topology and its PDM control schemes. The inverter’s steady-state and transient operating principles are analyzed based on the proposed control strategy at a high-frequency PDM. Operating conditions such as power loss analysis, power conversion efficiency and temperature rise characteristics of the proposed inverter are presented and analyzed through experimental results. Finally, from a practical viewpoint, a comparative study of a conventional halogen lamp heater and the proposed IH fixed roller is deliberated.publishedVersio

Método de estimación de las pérdidas de los conductores y del núcleo de componentes inductivos asimétricos mediante la técnica de análisis por método de elementos finitos en 3D

Tesis doctoral con la Mención de "Doctor Internacional"Dentro del campo de la ingeniería eléctrica, los convertidores electrónicos de potencia, que permiten generar una tensión y corriente de unas determinadas características a partir de una fuente de energía, juegan un papel crítico en las energías renovables, vehículos eléctricos o la ingeniería aeroespacial. Los componentes magnéticos constituyen uno de los elementos esenciales en los convertidores de potencia determinando el filtrado de corriente, la operación y la eficiencia del convertidor. Uno de los parámetros más críticos que influyen en la eficiencia de los convertidores son las pérdidas de los componentes magnéticos que dependen de determinados efectos electromagnéticos como el efecto pelicular, de proximidad, de entre-hierros y de borde. Estos efectos son aún más relevantes en rangos de alta frecuencia, a la que suelen operar habitualmente los convertidores electrónicos de potencia. La optimización del convertidor de potencia requiere un análisis detallado de los componentes magnéticos y de los efectos de frecuencia producidos en función de cada aplicación particular, y sus requisitos específicos, principalmente en los rangos de media y alta frecuencia. La trasmisión, almacenamiento y pérdidas de energía eléctrica y magnética son relevantes en este contexto y están determinadas por las ecuaciones de Maxwell, cuya resolución es compleja. Existen tres importantes enfoques para la resolución de estas ecuaciones: métodos analíticos, análisis utilizando herramienta de elementos finitos y por realización de ensayos. El primero de ellos consiste en la resolución analítica de las ecuaciones, con las necesarias simplificaciones, siendo la más habitual el asumir simetrías en las distribuciones de los campos magnéticos para poder resolver las ecuaciones de Maxwell en una o dos dimensiones. Como desventaja, dicha simplificación no permite determinar la distribución del campo magnético dentro de los conductores. El segundo enfoque utiliza un método de elementos finitos, resolviendo las ecuaciones de Maxwell en cada elemento finito, no siendo posible simular algunos componentes magnéticos complejos por precisar un tiempo de simulación sea muy elevado, haciendo que esta solución no resulte práctica para los ingenieros de desarrollo. El tercer enfoque, basado en la realización de ensayos de laboratorio, permite obtener los parámetros eléctrico de cualquier componente magnético. No obstante, el tiempo necesario es también alto y sólo es usado para los ajustes finales. La mayoría de los ingenieros electrónicos y científicos usan los análisis basados en elementos finitos de los componentes magnéticos realizando las posibles simplificaciones teniendo en cuenta la distribución de campo magnético y la simétrica del componente. Cuando el componente magnético no presenta ninguna simetría, deben utilizarse modelos 3D para la determinación de sus parámetros del circuito eléctrico equivalente y la optimización magnética del componente, así como un detallado estudio de los efectos pelicular y de proximidad, que son especialmente relevantes cuando el componente trabaja en alta frecuencia. En este trabajo, se proponer una metodología basada en elementos finitos en 3D con un bajo tiempo de simulación que permite obtener los parámetros que del modelo eléctrico equivalente para componentes magnéticos asimétricos a partir de la estimación de las pérdidas del bobinado y del núcleo.In electrical engineering, power converters, as devices that are able to transform a defined current and voltage from an energy source, have a critical role in different fields as renewable energy, electric vehicles or aerospace engineering. The magnetic components are relevant elements in power converters because determines the current filtering and conversion functions and converter efficiency and performance. One of the critical parameters that influence in the efficiency of converters are the losses in the magnetic components that depends on particular effects as they are the skin, proximity, airgap and edge effects. These effects are more relevant in the high frequency ranges where the power converters are usually operated. The optimization of the power converter requires of the detailed analysis of the magnetic component and the involved frequency effects according to the application when particular requirements are needed, mostly in the medium and high frequency. Transmission, storage and losses of magnetic and electric energy analysis is relevant in this context and are determined by the Maxwell´s equations whose resolution is a complex task. There are three main methods to solve this equation system: analytical method, finite element method analysis and experimental methodology. The first method consists on the analytical resolution of the equations with the necessary simplifications, being the most common approach the assumption of the magnetic field distribution in one or two dimensions to solve the equations system, however this simplification does not allow determining the magnetic field into the conductors. The second approach uses the Finite Element Method, solving the Maxwell equations in very finite element of the component, but is not possible to simulate some complex magnetic components because it requires a high computational time, being not useful for power electronics designers. The third method, based on experimental lab tests, allows to obtain the electrical parameters for any magnetic component. Nevertheless, the time cost is also huge and it is only used for adjustments in the final stage. Most of the power electronics designers and scientists use the analysis of the magnetic components based on Finite Element Method doing the available simplification taking into account the magnetic field distribution and the symmetry of the magnetic component. If the magnetic component has not any symmetric, a 3D model is necessary to determine the electromagnetic or thermal parameters for the electrical equivalent circuit and the magnetic component optimization, as well as a detailed study for skin effect and proximity effect, even more if the magnetic components work at high frequency. In this work, it is proposed a new method based in 3D Finite Element Analysis with a low computational time that allows obtaining the electrical equivalent model parameters for asymmetric magnetic components from the estimation of winding and core power losses

A novel fault diagnosis technique for photovoltaic systems based on artificial neural networks

This work proposes a novel fault diagnostic technique for photovoltaic systems based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). For a given set of working conditions - solar irradiance and photovoltaic (PV) module's temperature - a number of attributes such as current, voltage, and number of peaks in the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the PV strings are calculated using a simulation model. The simulated attributes are then compared with the ones obtained from the field measurements, leading to the identification of possible faulty operating conditions. Two different algorithms are then developed in order to isolate and identify eight different types of faults. The method has been validated using an experimental database of climatic and electrical parameters from a PV string installed at the Renewable Energy Laboratory (REL) of the University of Jijel (Algeria). The obtained results show that the proposed technique can accurately detect and classify the different faults occurring in a PV array. This work also shows the implementation of the developed method into a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) using a Xilinx System Generator (XSG) and an Integrated Software Environment (ISE)

Study of a High-Efficient Wide-Bandgap DC-DC Power Converter for Solar Power Integration

This research focuses on the design and analysis of a Boost cascaded Buck-Boost (BoCBB) power converter with super high efficiency in electric power conversion. The BoCBB power converter is based on emerging wide-bandgap silicon-carbide (SiC) MOSFETs and Schottky diodes, which have only 1/6 times of power loss in traditional silicon power semiconductor devices. The BoCBB power converter can be widely applied in solar harvesting for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), military bases and electric utilities, as well as high-power DC motor drives for the electric vehicles, robotics, and manufacturing and product lines. This research analyzed the topology and energy efficiency of a 3-kW BoCBB power converter. The energy efficiency of the SiC-based BoCBB power converter was calculated under various switching frequencies (20-kHz – 100-kHz) and was first tested by a simulation study of solar power integration in a 400-Vdc distribution microgrid in Matlab/Simulink environment. The design of 50-kHz in switching frequency revealed to be optimal in overall system performance. This conclusion was further verified by experimental tests. The experimental tests demonstrated a high efficiency of above 97% in power conversion. In order to improve the power quality of the BoCBB power converter for time-varying solar radiation, a novel sliding-window-combined (SWC) hysteresis control technique was proposed and preliminarily verified by a simulation study to enhance transients of a power grid