Thirty Years of Machine Learning: The Road to Pareto-Optimal Wireless Networks

Future wireless networks have a substantial potential in terms of supporting a broad range of complex compelling applications both in military and civilian fields, where the users are able to enjoy high-rate, low-latency, low-cost and reliable information services. Achieving this ambitious goal requires new radio techniques for adaptive learning and intelligent decision making because of the complex heterogeneous nature of the network structures and wireless services. Machine learning (ML) algorithms have great success in supporting big data analytics, efficient parameter estimation and interactive decision making. Hence, in this article, we review the thirty-year history of ML by elaborating on supervised learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning and deep learning. Furthermore, we investigate their employment in the compelling applications of wireless networks, including heterogeneous networks (HetNets), cognitive radios (CR), Internet of things (IoT), machine to machine networks (M2M), and so on. This article aims for assisting the readers in clarifying the motivation and methodology of the various ML algorithms, so as to invoke them for hitherto unexplored services as well as scenarios of future wireless networks.Comment: 46 pages, 22 fig

Enabling Hardware Green Internet of Things: A review of Substantial Issues

Between now and the near future, the Internet of Things (IoT) will redesign the socio-ecological morphology of the human terrain. The IoT ecosystem deploys diverse sensor platforms connecting millions of heterogeneous objects through the Internet. Irrespective of sensor functionality, most sensors are low energy consumption devices and are designed to transmit sporadically or continuously. However, when we consider the millions of connected sensors powering various user applications, their energy efficiency (EE) becomes a critical issue. Therefore, the importance of EE in IoT technology, as well as the development of EE solutions for sustainable IoT technology, cannot be overemphasised. Propelled by this need, EE proposals are expected to address the EE issues in the IoT context. Consequently, many developments continue to emerge, and the need to highlight them to provide clear insights to researchers on eco-sustainable and green IoT technologies becomes a crucial task. To pursue a clear vision of green IoT, this study aims to present the current state-of-the art insights into energy saving practices and strategies on green IoT. The major contribution of this study includes reviews and discussions of substantial issues in the enabling of hardware green IoT, such as green machine to machine, green wireless sensor networks, green radio frequency identification, green microcontroller units, integrated circuits and processors. This review will contribute significantly towards the future implementation of green and eco-sustainable IoT

A critical analysis of research potential, challenges and future directives in industrial wireless sensor networks

In recent years, Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (IWSNs) have emerged as an important research theme with applications spanning a wide range of industries including automation, monitoring, process control, feedback systems and automotive. Wide scope of IWSNs applications ranging from small production units, large oil and gas industries to nuclear fission control, enables a fast-paced research in this field. Though IWSNs offer advantages of low cost, flexibility, scalability, self-healing, easy deployment and reformation, yet they pose certain limitations on available potential and introduce challenges on multiple fronts due to their susceptibility to highly complex and uncertain industrial environments. In this paper a detailed discussion on design objectives, challenges and solutions, for IWSNs, are presented. A careful evaluation of industrial systems, deadlines and possible hazards in industrial atmosphere are discussed. The paper also presents a thorough review of the existing standards and industrial protocols and gives a critical evaluation of potential of these standards and protocols along with a detailed discussion on available hardware platforms, specific industrial energy harvesting techniques and their capabilities. The paper lists main service providers for IWSNs solutions and gives insight of future trends and research gaps in the field of IWSNs

Dynamic Recofiguration Techniques for Wireless Sensor Networks

The need to achieve extended service life by battery powered Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) requires new concepts and technqiues beyond the state-of-the-art low-power designs based on fixed hardware platforms or energy-efficient protocols. This thesis investigates reconfiguration techniques that enable sensor hardware to adapt its energy consumption to external dynamics, by means of Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS), Dynamic Modulation Scaling (DMS), and other related concepts. For sensor node-level reconfiguration, an integration of DVS and DMS techniques was proposed to minimize the total energy consumption. A dynamic time allocation algorithm was developed, demonstrating an average of 55% energy reduction. For network-level reconfiguration, a node activation technique was presented to reduce the cost of recharging energy-depleted sensor nodes. Network operation combined with node activation was modeled as a stochastic decision process, where the activation decisions directly affected the energy efficiency of the network. An experimental test bed based on the Imote2 sensor node platform was realized, which demonstrated energy reduction of up to 50%. Such energy saving can be effectively translated into prolonged service life of the sensor network

GREEN RADIO COMMUNICATIONS IN 5G NETWORKS TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND REDUCE GLOBAL WARMING

The technology of green radio communication helps in reducing the emission of carbon and also helps in the process of reducing the consumption of energy by the base stations of wireless networks. In addition to that, with the help of tools such as Information Communication Technology (ICT) and Multi-Hop Relay Network (MHR), the functionalities and the operational attributes of the technology of green radio communication can be improved and the process of energy consumption gets better as well. It is found from the discussion that green networking technology has mainly two core components and the two core components are energy awareness and energy efficiency. The ability of the network to measure the cost per packet is called energy awareness. On the other hand, the ability of a network to decrease the contribution of carbon and extend the lifetime of the network can be called energy efficiency. In addition, the implementation of the technology of green radio communication helps in mitigating the issue of future energy crises. Additionally, it has also been understood that Green communication in terms of energy efficiency can help IT industry which has been extensively criticised for the contribution of the carbon emissions as well as the failure to respond to the negative impact on the whole climate. In fact, the next generation networks have imposed the challenges in terms of the provision of the energy efficient solutions which are provided and the transportation of the data along with the huge range of the quality of the services requirement as well as the tolerance of lower optimum services.The technology of green radio communication helps in reducing the emission of carbon and also helps in the process of reducing the consumption of energy by the base stations of wireless networks. In addition to that, with the help of tools such as Information Communication Technology (ICT) and Multi-Hop Relay Network (MHR), the functionalities and the operational attributes of the technology of green radio communication can be improved and the process of energy consumption gets better as well. It is found from the discussion that green networking technology has mainly two core components and the two core components are energy awareness and energy efficiency. The ability of the network to measure the cost per packet is called energy awareness. On the other hand, the ability of a network to decrease the contribution of carbon and extend the lifetime of the network can be called energy efficiency. In addition, the implementation of the technology of green radio communication helps in mitigating the issue of future energy crises. Additionally, it has also been understood that Green communication in terms of energy efficiency can help IT industry which has been extensively criticised for the contribution of the carbon emissions as well as the failure to respond to the negative impact on the whole climate. In fact, the next generation networks have imposed the challenges in terms of the provision of the energy efficient solutions which are provided and the transportation of the data along with the huge range of the quality of the services requirement as well as the tolerance of lower optimum services

Multiradio sensing systems for home area networking and building management

Many WSN systems use proprietary systems so interoperability between different devices and systems can be at best difficult with various protocols (standards based and non-standards based) used (ZigBee, EnOcean, MODBUS, KNEX, DALI, Powerline, etc.). This work describes the development of a novel low power consumption multiradio system incorporating 32-bit ARM-Cortex microcontroller and multiple radio interfaces - ZigBee/6LoWPAN/Bluetooth LE (Low Energy)/868MHz platform. The multiradio sensing system lends itself to interoperability and standardization between the different technologies which typically make up a heterogeneous network of sensors for both standards based and non-standards based systems. The configurability of the system enables energy savings, and increases the range between single points enabling the implementation of adaptive networking architectures of different configurations. The system described provides a future-proof wireless platform for Home Automation Networks with regards to the network heterogeneity in terms of hardware and protocols defined as being critical for use in the built environment. This system is the first to provide the capability to communicate in the 2.4GHz band as well as the 868MHz band as well as the feature of multiboot capability