572 research outputs found
Broadcast-oriented wireless network-on-chip : fundamentals and feasibility
Premi extraordinari doctorat UPC curs 2015-2016, Ă mbit Enginyeria de les TICRecent years have seen the emergence and ubiquitous adoption of Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs), which rely on the coordinated operation of multiple execution units or cores. Successive CMP generations integrate a larger number of cores seeking higher performance with a reasonable cost envelope. For this trend to continue, however, important scalability issues need to be solved at different levels of design. Scaling the interconnect fabric is a grand challenge by itself, as new Network-on-Chip (NoC) proposals need to overcome the performance hurdles found when dealing with the increasingly variable and heterogeneous communication demands of manycore processors. Fast and flexible NoC solutions are needed to prevent communication become a performance bottleneck, situation that would severely limit the design space at the architectural level and eventually lead to the use of software frameworks that are slow, inefficient, or less programmable.
The emergence of novel interconnect technologies has opened the door to a plethora of new NoCs promising greater scalability and architectural flexibility. In particular, wireless on-chip communication has garnered considerable attention due to its inherent broadcast capabilities, low latency, and system-level simplicity. Most of the resulting Wireless Network-on-Chip (WNoC) proposals have set the focus on leveraging the latency advantage of this paradigm by creating multiple wireless channels to interconnect far-apart cores. This strategy is effective as the complement of wired NoCs at moderate scales, but is likely to be overshadowed at larger scales by technologies such as nanophotonics unless bandwidth is unrealistically improved.
This dissertation presents the concept of Broadcast-Oriented Wireless Network-on-Chip (BoWNoC), a new approach that attempts to foster the inherent simplicity, flexibility, and broadcast capabilities of the wireless technology by integrating one on-chip antenna and transceiver per processor core. This paradigm is part of a broader hybrid vision where the BoWNoC serves latency-critical and broadcast traffic, tightly coupled to a wired plane oriented to large flows of data. By virtue of its scalable broadcast support, BoWNoC may become the key enabler of a wealth of unconventional hardware architectures and algorithmic approaches, eventually leading to a significant improvement of the performance, energy efficiency, scalability and programmability of manycore chips.
The present work aims not only to lay the fundamentals of the BoWNoC paradigm, but also to demonstrate its viability from the electronic implementation, network design, and multiprocessor architecture perspectives. An exploration at the physical level of design validates the feasibility of the approach at millimeter-wave bands in the short term, and then suggests the use of graphene-based antennas in the terahertz band in the long term. At the link level, this thesis provides an insightful context analysis that is used, afterwards, to drive the design of a lightweight protocol that reliably serves broadcast traffic with substantial latency improvements over state-of-the-art NoCs. At the network level, our hybrid vision is evaluated putting emphasis on the flexibility provided at the network interface level, showing outstanding speedups for a wide set of traffic patterns. At the architecture level, the potential impact of the BoWNoC paradigm on the design of manycore chips is not only qualitatively discussed in general, but also quantitatively assessed in a particular architecture for fast synchronization. Results demonstrate that the impact of BoWNoC can go beyond simply improving the network performance, thereby representing a possible game changer in the manycore era.Avenços en el disseny de multiprocessadors han portat a una Ă mplia adopciĂł dels Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs), que basen el seu potencial en la operaciĂł coordinada de mĂşltiples nuclis de procĂ©s. Generacions successives han anat integrant mĂ©s nuclis en la recerca d'alt rendiment amb un cost raonable. Per a que aquesta tendència continuĂŻ, però, cal resoldre importants problemes d'escalabilitat a diferents capes de disseny. Escalar la xarxa d'interconnexiĂł Ă©s un gran repte en ell mateix, ja que les noves propostes de Networks-on-Chip (NoC) han de servir un trĂ fic eminentment variable i heterogeni dels processadors amb molts nuclis. SĂłn necessĂ ries solucions rĂ pides i flexibles per evitar que les comunicacions dins del xip es converteixin en el pròxim coll d'ampolla de rendiment, situaciĂł que limitaria en gran mesura l'espai de disseny a nivell d'arquitectura i portaria a l'Ăşs d'arquitectures i models de programaciĂł lents, ineficients o poc programables. L'apariciĂł de noves tecnologies d'interconnexiĂł ha possibilitat la creaciĂł de NoCs mĂ©s flexibles i escalables. En particular, la comunicaciĂł intra-xip sense fils ha despertat un interès considerable en virtut de les seva baixa latència, simplicitat, i bon rendiment amb trĂ fic broadcast. La majoria de les Wireless NoC (WNoC) proposades fins ara s'han centrat en aprofitar l'avantatge en termes de latència d'aquest nou paradigma creant mĂşltiples canals sense fils per interconnectar nuclis allunyats entre sĂ. Aquesta estratègia Ă©s efectiva per complementar a NoCs clĂ ssiques en escales mitjanes, però Ă©s probable que altres tecnologies com la nanofotònica puguin jugar millor aquest paper a escales mĂ©s grans. Aquesta tesi presenta el concepte de Broadcast-Oriented WNoC (BoWNoC), un nou enfoc que intenta rendibilitzar al mĂ xim la inherent simplicitat, flexibilitat, i capacitats broadcast de la tecnologia sense fils integrant una antena i transmissor/receptor per cada nucli del processador. Aquest paradigma forma part d'una visiĂł mĂ©s Ă mplia on un BoWNoC serviria trĂ fic broadcast i urgent, mentre que una xarxa convencional serviria fluxos de dades mĂ©s pesats. En virtut de la escalabilitat i del seu suport broadcast, BoWNoC podria convertir-se en un element clau en una gran varietat d'arquitectures i algoritmes poc convencionals que milloressin considerablement el rendiment, l'eficiència, l'escalabilitat i la programabilitat de processadors amb molts nuclis. El present treball tĂ© com a objectius no nomĂ©s estudiar els aspectes fonamentals del paradigma BoWNoC, sinĂł tambĂ© demostrar la seva viabilitat des dels punts de vista de la implementaciĂł, i del disseny de xarxa i arquitectura. Una exploraciĂł a la capa fĂsica valida la viabilitat de l'enfoc usant tecnologies longituds d'ona milimètriques en un futur proper, i suggereix l'Ăşs d'antenes de grafè a la banda dels terahertz ja a mĂ©s llarg termini. A capa d'enllaç, la tesi aporta una anĂ lisi del context de l'aplicaciĂł que Ă©s, mĂ©s tard, utilitzada per al disseny d'un protocol d'accĂ©s al medi que permet servir trĂ fic broadcast a baixa latència i de forma fiable. A capa de xarxa, la nostra visiĂł hĂbrida Ă©s avaluada posant èmfasi en la flexibilitat que aporta el fet de prendre les decisions a nivell de la interfĂcie de xarxa, mostrant grans millores de rendiment per una Ă mplia selecciĂł de patrons de trĂ fic. A nivell d'arquitectura, l'impacte que el concepte de BoWNoC pot tenir sobre el disseny de processadors amb molts nuclis no nomĂ©s Ă©s debatut de forma qualitativa i genèrica, sinĂł tambĂ© avaluat quantitativament per una arquitectura concreta enfocada a la sincronitzaciĂł. Els resultats demostren que l'impacte de BoWNoC pot anar mĂ©s enllĂ d'una millora en termes de rendiment de xarxa; representant, possiblement, un canvi radical a l'era dels molts nuclisAward-winningPostprint (published version
Broadcast-oriented wireless network-on-chip : fundamentals and feasibility
Premi extraordinari doctorat UPC curs 2015-2016, Ă mbit Enginyeria de les TICRecent years have seen the emergence and ubiquitous adoption of Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs), which rely on the coordinated operation of multiple execution units or cores. Successive CMP generations integrate a larger number of cores seeking higher performance with a reasonable cost envelope. For this trend to continue, however, important scalability issues need to be solved at different levels of design. Scaling the interconnect fabric is a grand challenge by itself, as new Network-on-Chip (NoC) proposals need to overcome the performance hurdles found when dealing with the increasingly variable and heterogeneous communication demands of manycore processors. Fast and flexible NoC solutions are needed to prevent communication become a performance bottleneck, situation that would severely limit the design space at the architectural level and eventually lead to the use of software frameworks that are slow, inefficient, or less programmable.
The emergence of novel interconnect technologies has opened the door to a plethora of new NoCs promising greater scalability and architectural flexibility. In particular, wireless on-chip communication has garnered considerable attention due to its inherent broadcast capabilities, low latency, and system-level simplicity. Most of the resulting Wireless Network-on-Chip (WNoC) proposals have set the focus on leveraging the latency advantage of this paradigm by creating multiple wireless channels to interconnect far-apart cores. This strategy is effective as the complement of wired NoCs at moderate scales, but is likely to be overshadowed at larger scales by technologies such as nanophotonics unless bandwidth is unrealistically improved.
This dissertation presents the concept of Broadcast-Oriented Wireless Network-on-Chip (BoWNoC), a new approach that attempts to foster the inherent simplicity, flexibility, and broadcast capabilities of the wireless technology by integrating one on-chip antenna and transceiver per processor core. This paradigm is part of a broader hybrid vision where the BoWNoC serves latency-critical and broadcast traffic, tightly coupled to a wired plane oriented to large flows of data. By virtue of its scalable broadcast support, BoWNoC may become the key enabler of a wealth of unconventional hardware architectures and algorithmic approaches, eventually leading to a significant improvement of the performance, energy efficiency, scalability and programmability of manycore chips.
The present work aims not only to lay the fundamentals of the BoWNoC paradigm, but also to demonstrate its viability from the electronic implementation, network design, and multiprocessor architecture perspectives. An exploration at the physical level of design validates the feasibility of the approach at millimeter-wave bands in the short term, and then suggests the use of graphene-based antennas in the terahertz band in the long term. At the link level, this thesis provides an insightful context analysis that is used, afterwards, to drive the design of a lightweight protocol that reliably serves broadcast traffic with substantial latency improvements over state-of-the-art NoCs. At the network level, our hybrid vision is evaluated putting emphasis on the flexibility provided at the network interface level, showing outstanding speedups for a wide set of traffic patterns. At the architecture level, the potential impact of the BoWNoC paradigm on the design of manycore chips is not only qualitatively discussed in general, but also quantitatively assessed in a particular architecture for fast synchronization. Results demonstrate that the impact of BoWNoC can go beyond simply improving the network performance, thereby representing a possible game changer in the manycore era.Avenços en el disseny de multiprocessadors han portat a una Ă mplia adopciĂł dels Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs), que basen el seu potencial en la operaciĂł coordinada de mĂşltiples nuclis de procĂ©s. Generacions successives han anat integrant mĂ©s nuclis en la recerca d'alt rendiment amb un cost raonable. Per a que aquesta tendència continuĂŻ, però, cal resoldre importants problemes d'escalabilitat a diferents capes de disseny. Escalar la xarxa d'interconnexiĂł Ă©s un gran repte en ell mateix, ja que les noves propostes de Networks-on-Chip (NoC) han de servir un trĂ fic eminentment variable i heterogeni dels processadors amb molts nuclis. SĂłn necessĂ ries solucions rĂ pides i flexibles per evitar que les comunicacions dins del xip es converteixin en el pròxim coll d'ampolla de rendiment, situaciĂł que limitaria en gran mesura l'espai de disseny a nivell d'arquitectura i portaria a l'Ăşs d'arquitectures i models de programaciĂł lents, ineficients o poc programables. L'apariciĂł de noves tecnologies d'interconnexiĂł ha possibilitat la creaciĂł de NoCs mĂ©s flexibles i escalables. En particular, la comunicaciĂł intra-xip sense fils ha despertat un interès considerable en virtut de les seva baixa latència, simplicitat, i bon rendiment amb trĂ fic broadcast. La majoria de les Wireless NoC (WNoC) proposades fins ara s'han centrat en aprofitar l'avantatge en termes de latència d'aquest nou paradigma creant mĂşltiples canals sense fils per interconnectar nuclis allunyats entre sĂ. Aquesta estratègia Ă©s efectiva per complementar a NoCs clĂ ssiques en escales mitjanes, però Ă©s probable que altres tecnologies com la nanofotònica puguin jugar millor aquest paper a escales mĂ©s grans. Aquesta tesi presenta el concepte de Broadcast-Oriented WNoC (BoWNoC), un nou enfoc que intenta rendibilitzar al mĂ xim la inherent simplicitat, flexibilitat, i capacitats broadcast de la tecnologia sense fils integrant una antena i transmissor/receptor per cada nucli del processador. Aquest paradigma forma part d'una visiĂł mĂ©s Ă mplia on un BoWNoC serviria trĂ fic broadcast i urgent, mentre que una xarxa convencional serviria fluxos de dades mĂ©s pesats. En virtut de la escalabilitat i del seu suport broadcast, BoWNoC podria convertir-se en un element clau en una gran varietat d'arquitectures i algoritmes poc convencionals que milloressin considerablement el rendiment, l'eficiència, l'escalabilitat i la programabilitat de processadors amb molts nuclis. El present treball tĂ© com a objectius no nomĂ©s estudiar els aspectes fonamentals del paradigma BoWNoC, sinĂł tambĂ© demostrar la seva viabilitat des dels punts de vista de la implementaciĂł, i del disseny de xarxa i arquitectura. Una exploraciĂł a la capa fĂsica valida la viabilitat de l'enfoc usant tecnologies longituds d'ona milimètriques en un futur proper, i suggereix l'Ăşs d'antenes de grafè a la banda dels terahertz ja a mĂ©s llarg termini. A capa d'enllaç, la tesi aporta una anĂ lisi del context de l'aplicaciĂł que Ă©s, mĂ©s tard, utilitzada per al disseny d'un protocol d'accĂ©s al medi que permet servir trĂ fic broadcast a baixa latència i de forma fiable. A capa de xarxa, la nostra visiĂł hĂbrida Ă©s avaluada posant èmfasi en la flexibilitat que aporta el fet de prendre les decisions a nivell de la interfĂcie de xarxa, mostrant grans millores de rendiment per una Ă mplia selecciĂł de patrons de trĂ fic. A nivell d'arquitectura, l'impacte que el concepte de BoWNoC pot tenir sobre el disseny de processadors amb molts nuclis no nomĂ©s Ă©s debatut de forma qualitativa i genèrica, sinĂł tambĂ© avaluat quantitativament per una arquitectura concreta enfocada a la sincronitzaciĂł. Els resultats demostren que l'impacte de BoWNoC pot anar mĂ©s enllĂ d'una millora en termes de rendiment de xarxa; representant, possiblement, un canvi radical a l'era dels molts nuclisAward-winningPostprint (published version
Cooperative control of relay based cellular networks
PhDThe increasing popularity of wireless communications and the higher data
requirements of new types of service lead to higher demands on wireless networks.
Relay based cellular networks have been seen as an effective way to meet users’
increased data rate requirements while still retaining the benefits of a cellular
structure. However, maximizing the probability of providing service and spectrum
efficiency are still major challenges for network operators and engineers because of
the heterogeneous traffic demands, hard-to-predict user movements and complex
traffic models.
In a mobile network, load balancing is recognised as an efficient way to increase
the utilization of limited frequency spectrum at reasonable costs. Cooperative
control based on geographic load balancing is employed to provide flexibility for
relay based cellular networks and to respond to changes in the environment.
According to the potential capability of existing antenna systems, adaptive radio
frequency domain control in the physical layer is explored to provide coverage at
the right place at the right time.
This thesis proposes several effective and efficient approaches to improve
spectrum efficiency using network wide optimization to coordinate the coverage
offered by different network components according to the antenna models and
relay station capability. The approaches include tilting of antenna sectors,
changing the power of omni-directional antennas, and changing the assignment of
relay stations to different base stations. Experiments show that the proposed
approaches offer significant improvements and robustness in heterogeneous traffic
scenarios and when the propagation environment changes. The issue of predicting
the consequence of cooperative decisions regarding antenna configurations when
applied in a realistic environment is described, and a coverage prediction model is
proposed. The consequences of applying changes to the antenna configuration on
handovers are analysed in detail. The performance evaluations are based on a
system level simulator in the context of Mobile WiMAX technology, but the
concepts apply more generally
Enabling Dynamic Spectrum Allocation in Cognitive Radio Networks
The last decade has witnessed the proliferation of innovative wireless technologies, such asWi-Fi, wireless mesh networks, operating in unlicensed bands. Due to the increasing popularity and the wide deployments of these technologies, the unlicensed bands become overcrowded. The wireless devices operating in these bands interfere with each other and hurt the overall performance. To support fast growths of wireless technologies, more spectrums are required. However, as most "prime" spectrum has been allocated, there is no spectrum available to expand these innovative wireless services. Despite the general perception that there is an actual spectral shortage, the recent measurement results released by the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) show that on average only 5% of the spectrum from 30MHz to 30 GHz is used in the US. This indicates that the inefficient spectrum usage is the root cause of the spectral shortage problem. Therefore, this dissertation is focused on improving spectrum utilization and efficiency in tackling the spectral shortage problem to support ever-growing user demands for wireless applications.
This dissertation proposes a novel concept of dynamic spectrum allocation, which adaptively divides available spectrum into non-overlapping frequency segments of different bandwidth considering the number of potentially interfering transmissions and the distribution of traffic load in a local environment. The goals are (1) to maximize spectrum efficiency by increasing parallel transmissions and reducing co-channel interferences, and (2) to improve fairness across a network by balancing spectrum assignments. Since existing radio systems offer very limited flexibility, cognitive radios, which can sense and adapt to radio environments, are exploited to support such a dynamic concept.
We explore two directions to improve spectrum efficiency by adopting the proposed dynamic allocation concept. First, we build a cognitive wireless system called KNOWS to exploit unoccupied frequencies in the licensed TV bands. KNOWS is a hardware-software platform that includes new radio hardware, a spectrum-aware MAC (medium access control) protocol and an algorithm for implementing the dynamic spectrum allocation. We show that KNOWS accomplishes a remarkable 200% throughput gain over systems based on fixed allocations in common cases. Second, we enhance Wireless LANs (WLANs), the most popular network setting in unlicensed bands, by proposing a dynamic channelization structure and a scalable MAC design. Through analysis and extensive simulations, we show that the new channelization structure and the scalable MAC design improve not only network capacity but per-client fairness by allocating channels of variable width for access points in a WLAN.
As a conclusion, we believe that our proposed concept of dynamic spectrum allocation lays down a solid foundation for building systems to efficiently use the invaluable spectrum resource
Artificial Neural Network Based Prediction Mechanism for Wireless Network on Chips Medium Access Control
As per Moore’s law, continuous improvement over silicon process technologies has made the integration of hundreds of cores on to a single chip possible. This has resulted in the paradigm shift towards multicore and many-core chips where, hundreds of cores can be integrated on the same die and interconnected using an on-chip packet-switched network called a Network-on-Chip (NoC). Various tasks running on different cores generate different rates of communication between pairs of cores. This lead to the increase in spatial and temporal variation in the workloads, which impact the long distance data communication over multi-hop wire line paths in conventional NoCs. Among different alternatives, due to the CMOS compatibility and energy-efficiency, low-latency wireless interconnects operating in the millimeter wave (mm-wave) band is nearer term solution to this multi-hop communication problem in traditional NoCs. This has led to the recent exploration of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) wireless technologies in wireless NoC architectures (WiNoC). In a WiNoC, the mm-wave wireless interconnect is realized by equipping some NoC switches with an wireless interface (WI) that contains an antenna and transceiver circuit tuned to operate in the mm-wave frequency. To enable collision free and energy-efficient communication among the WIs, the WIs is also equipped with a medium access control mechanism (MAC) unit. Due to the simplicity and low-overhead implementation, a token passing based MAC mechanism to enable Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) has been adopted in many WiNoC architectures. However, such simple MAC mechanism is agnostic of the demand of the WIs. Based on the tasks mapped on a multicore system the demand through the WIs can vary both spatially and temporally. Hence, if the MAC is agnostic of such demand variation, energy is wasted when no flit is transferred through the wireless channel. To efficiently utilize the wireless channel, MAC mechanisms that can dynamically allocate token possession period of the WIs have been explored in recent time for WiNoCs. In the dynamic MAC mechanism, a history-based prediction is used to predict the bandwidth demand of the WIs to adjust the token possession period with respect to the traffic variation. However, such simple history based predictors are not accurate and limits the performance gain due to the dynamic MACs in a WiNoC. In this work, we investigate the design of an artificial neural network (ANN) based prediction methodology to accurately predict the bandwidth demand of each WI. Through system level simulation, we show that the dynamic MAC mechanisms enabled with the ANN based prediction mechanism can significantly improve the performance of a WiNoC in terms of peak bandwidth, packet energy and latency compared to the state-of-the-art dynamic MAC mechanisms
Survey of Inter-satellite Communication for Small Satellite Systems: Physical Layer to Network Layer View
Small satellite systems enable whole new class of missions for navigation,
communications, remote sensing and scientific research for both civilian and
military purposes. As individual spacecraft are limited by the size, mass and
power constraints, mass-produced small satellites in large constellations or
clusters could be useful in many science missions such as gravity mapping,
tracking of forest fires, finding water resources, etc. Constellation of
satellites provide improved spatial and temporal resolution of the target.
Small satellite constellations contribute innovative applications by replacing
a single asset with several very capable spacecraft which opens the door to new
applications. With increasing levels of autonomy, there will be a need for
remote communication networks to enable communication between spacecraft. These
space based networks will need to configure and maintain dynamic routes, manage
intermediate nodes, and reconfigure themselves to achieve mission objectives.
Hence, inter-satellite communication is a key aspect when satellites fly in
formation. In this paper, we present the various researches being conducted in
the small satellite community for implementing inter-satellite communications
based on the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. This paper also reviews
the various design parameters applicable to the first three layers of the OSI
model, i.e., physical, data link and network layer. Based on the survey, we
also present a comprehensive list of design parameters useful for achieving
inter-satellite communications for multiple small satellite missions. Specific
topics include proposed solutions for some of the challenges faced by small
satellite systems, enabling operations using a network of small satellites, and
some examples of small satellite missions involving formation flying aspects.Comment: 51 pages, 21 Figures, 11 Tables, accepted in IEEE Communications
Surveys and Tutorial
Robust and Traffic Aware Medium Access Control Mechanisms for Energy-Efficient mm-Wave Wireless Network-on-Chip Architectures
To cater to the performance/watt needs, processors with multiple processing cores on the same chip have become the de-facto design choice. In such multicore systems, Network-on-Chip (NoC) serves as a communication infrastructure for data transfer among the cores on the chip. However, conventional metallic interconnect based NoCs are constrained by their long multi-hop latencies and high power consumption, limiting the performance gain in these systems. Among, different alternatives, due to the CMOS compatibility and energy-efficiency, low-latency wireless interconnect operating in the millimeter wave (mm-wave) band is nearer term solution to this multi-hop communication problem. This has led to the recent exploration of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) wireless technologies in wireless NoC architectures (WiNoC).
To realize the mm-wave wireless interconnect in a WiNoC, a wireless interface (WI) equipped with on-chip antenna and transceiver circuit operating at 60GHz frequency range is integrated to the ports of some NoC switches. The WIs are also equipped with a medium access control (MAC) mechanism that ensures a collision free and energy-efficient communication among the WIs located at different parts on the chip. However, due to shrinking feature size and complex integration in CMOS technology, high-density chips like multicore systems are prone to manufacturing defects and dynamic faults during chip operation. Such failures can result in permanently broken wireless links or cause the MAC to malfunction in a WiNoC. Consequently, the energy-efficient communication through the wireless medium will be compromised. Furthermore, the energy efficiency in the wireless channel access is also dependent on the traffic pattern of the applications running on the multicore systems. Due to the bursty and self-similar nature of the NoC traffic patterns, the traffic demand of the WIs can vary both spatially and temporally. Ineffective management of such traffic variation of the WIs, limits the performance and energy benefits of the novel mm-wave interconnect technology. Hence, to utilize the full potential of the novel mm-wave interconnect technology in WiNoCs, design of a simple, fair, robust, and efficient MAC is of paramount importance.
The main goal of this dissertation is to propose the design principles for robust and traffic-aware MAC mechanisms to provide high bandwidth, low latency, and energy-efficient data communication in mm-wave WiNoCs. The proposed solution has two parts. In the first part, we propose the cross-layer design methodology of robust WiNoC architecture that can minimize the effect of permanent failure of the wireless links and recover from transient failures caused by single event upsets (SEU). Then, in the second part, we present a traffic-aware MAC mechanism that can adjust the transmission slots of the WIs based on the traffic demand of the WIs. The proposed MAC is also robust against the failure of the wireless access mechanism. Finally, as future research directions, this idea of traffic awareness is extended throughout the whole NoC by enabling adaptiveness in both wired and wireless interconnection fabric
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