2,047 research outputs found
Generalized Gray Codes for Local Rank Modulation
We consider the local rank-modulation scheme in which a sliding window going
over a sequence of real-valued variables induces a sequence of permutations.
Local rank-modulation is a generalization of the rank-modulation scheme, which
has been recently suggested as a way of storing information in flash memory. We
study Gray codes for the local rank-modulation scheme in order to simulate
conventional multi-level flash cells while retaining the benefits of rank
modulation. Unlike the limited scope of previous works, we consider code
constructions for the entire range of parameters including the code length,
sliding window size, and overlap between adjacent windows. We show our
constructed codes have asymptotically-optimal rate. We also provide efficient
encoding, decoding, and next-state algorithms.Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure, shorter version was submitted to ISIT 201
Trajectory Codes for Flash Memory
Flash memory is well-known for its inherent asymmetry: the flash-cell charge
levels are easy to increase but are hard to decrease. In a general rewriting
model, the stored data changes its value with certain patterns. The patterns of
data updates are determined by the data structure and the application, and are
independent of the constraints imposed by the storage medium. Thus, an
appropriate coding scheme is needed so that the data changes can be updated and
stored efficiently under the storage-medium's constraints.
In this paper, we define the general rewriting problem using a graph model.
It extends many known rewriting models such as floating codes, WOM codes,
buffer codes, etc. We present a new rewriting scheme for flash memories, called
the trajectory code, for rewriting the stored data as many times as possible
without block erasures. We prove that the trajectory code is asymptotically
optimal in a wide range of scenarios.
We also present randomized rewriting codes optimized for expected performance
(given arbitrary rewriting sequences). Our rewriting codes are shown to be
asymptotically optimal.Comment: Submitted to IEEE Trans. on Inform. Theor
Constant-Weight Gray Codes for Local Rank Modulation
We consider the local rank-modulation scheme in which a sliding window going over a sequence of real-valued variables induces a sequence of permutations. Local rank- modulation is a generalization of the rank-modulation scheme, which has been recently suggested as a way of storing information in flash memory.
We study constant-weight Gray codes for the local rank- modulation scheme in order to simulate conventional multi-level flash cells while retaining the benefits of rank modulation. We provide necessary conditions for the existence of cyclic and cyclic optimal Gray codes. We then specifically study codes of weight 2 and upper bound their efficiency, thus proving that there are no such asymptotically-optimal cyclic codes. In contrast, we study codes of weight 3 and efficiently construct codes which are asymptotically-optimal. We conclude with a construction of codes with asymptotically-optimal rate and weight asymptotically half the length, thus having an asymptotically-optimal charge difference between adjacent cells
Constant-Weight Gray Codes for Local Rank Modulation
We consider the local rank-modulation scheme in which a sliding window going
over a sequence of real-valued variables induces a sequence of permutations.
The local rank-modulation, as a generalization of the rank-modulation scheme,
has been recently suggested as a way of storing information in flash memory.
We study constant-weight Gray codes for the local rank-modulation scheme in
order to simulate conventional multi-level flash cells while retaining the
benefits of rank modulation. We provide necessary conditions for the existence
of cyclic and cyclic optimal Gray codes. We then specifically study codes of
weight 2 and upper bound their efficiency, thus proving that there are no such
asymptotically-optimal cyclic codes. In contrast, we study codes of weight 3
and efficiently construct codes which are asymptotically-optimal
On Coding Efficiency for Flash Memories
Recently, flash memories have become a competitive solution for mass storage.
The flash memories have rather different properties compared with the rotary
hard drives. That is, the writing of flash memories is constrained, and flash
memories can endure only limited numbers of erases. Therefore, the design goals
for the flash memory systems are quite different from these for other memory
systems. In this paper, we consider the problem of coding efficiency. We define
the "coding-efficiency" as the amount of information that one flash memory cell
can be used to record per cost. Because each flash memory cell can endure a
roughly fixed number of erases, the cost of data recording can be well-defined.
We define "payload" as the amount of information that one flash memory cell can
represent at a particular moment. By using information-theoretic arguments, we
prove a coding theorem for achievable coding rates. We prove an upper and lower
bound for coding efficiency. We show in this paper that there exists a
fundamental trade-off between "payload" and "coding efficiency". The results in
this paper may provide useful insights on the design of future flash memory
systems.Comment: accepted for publication in the Proceeding of the 35th IEEE Sarnoff
Symposium, Newark, New Jersey, May 21-22, 201
Constructions of Rank Modulation Codes
Rank modulation is a way of encoding information to correct errors in flash
memory devices as well as impulse noise in transmission lines. Modeling rank
modulation involves construction of packings of the space of permutations
equipped with the Kendall tau distance.
We present several general constructions of codes in permutations that cover
a broad range of code parameters. In particular, we show a number of ways in
which conventional error-correcting codes can be modified to correct errors in
the Kendall space. Codes that we construct afford simple encoding and decoding
algorithms of essentially the same complexity as required to correct errors in
the Hamming metric. For instance, from binary BCH codes we obtain codes
correcting Kendall errors in memory cells that support the order of
messages, for any constant We also construct
families of codes that correct a number of errors that grows with at
varying rates, from to . One of our constructions
gives rise to a family of rank modulation codes for which the trade-off between
the number of messages and the number of correctable Kendall errors approaches
the optimal scaling rate. Finally, we list a number of possibilities for
constructing codes of finite length, and give examples of rank modulation codes
with specific parameters.Comment: Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Information Theor
A coding approach for detection of tampering in write-once optical disks
We present coding methods for protecting against tampering of write-once optical disks, which turns them into a secure digital medium for applications where critical information must be stored in a way that prevents or allows detection of an attempt at falsification. Our method involves adding a small amount of redundancy to a modulated sector of data. This extra redundancy is not used for normal operation, but can be used for determining, say, as a testimony in court, that a disk has not been tampered with
VLSI implementation of a multi-mode turbo/LDPC decoder architecture
Flexible and reconfigurable architectures have gained wide popularity in the communications field. In particular, reconfigurable architectures for the physical layer are an attractive solution not only to switch among different coding modes but also to achieve interoperability. This work concentrates on the design of a reconfigurable architecture for both turbo and LDPC codes decoding. The novel contributions of this paper are: i) tackling the reconfiguration issue introducing a formal and systematic treatment that, to the best of our knowledge, was not previously addressed; ii) proposing a reconfigurable NoCbased turbo/LDPC decoder architecture and showing that wide flexibility can be achieved with a small complexity overhead. Obtained results show that dynamic switching between most of considered communication standards is possible without pausing the decoding activity. Moreover, post-layout results show that tailoring the proposed architecture to the WiMAX standard leads to an area occupation of 2.75 mm2 and a power consumption of 101.5 mW in the worst case
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