53 research outputs found
Performance evaluation measurement of image steganography techniques with analysis of LSB based on variation image formats
Recently, Steganography is an outstanding research area which used for data protection from unauthorized access. Steganography is defined as the art and science of covert information in plain sight in various media sources such as text, images, audio, video, network channel etc. so, as to not stimulate any suspicion; while steganalysis is the science of attacking the steganographic system to reveal the secret message. This research clarifies the diverse showing the evaluation factors based on image steganographic algorithms. The effectiveness of a steganographic is rated to three main parameters, payload capacity, image quality measure and security measure. This study is focused on image steganographic which is most popular in in steganographic branches. Generally, the Least significant bit is major efficient approach utilized to embed the secret message. In addition, this paper has more detail knowledge based on Least significant bit LSB within various Images formats. All metrics are illustrated in this study with arithmetical equations while some important trends are discussed also at the end of the paper
MP3 audio steganography technique using extended least significant bit
Audio Steganography is the process of concealing secret messages into audio file. The goal for using audio steganography is to avoid drawing suspicion to the transmission of the secret message. Prior research studies have indicated that the main properties in steganography technique are imperceptibility, robustness and capacity. MP3 file is a popular audio media, which provides different compression rate and performing steganography in MP3 format after compression is the most desirable one. To date, there is not much research work that embeds messages after compression. An audio steganographic technique that utilizes Standard Least Significant Bits (SLSB) of the audio stream to embed secret message has gained popularity over the years. Unfortunately the technique suffers from imperceptibility, security and capacity. This research offers an extended Least Significant Bit (XLSB) technique in order to circumvent the weakness. The secret message is scrambled before embedding. Scrambling technique is introduced in two steps; partitioning the secret message (speech) into blocks followed by block permutation, in order to confuse the contents of the secret message. To enhance difficulty for attackers to retrieve the secret message, the message is not embedded in every byte of the audio file. Instead the first position of embedding bit is chosen randomly and the rest of the bits are embedded only in even value of bytes of the audio file. For extracting the secret message, the permutation code book is used to reorder the message blocks into its original form. Md5sum and SHA-256 are used to verify whether the secret message is altered or not during transmission. Experimental results measured by peak signal to noise ratio, bit error rate, Pearson Correlation and chi-square show that the XLSB performs better than SLSB. Moreover, XLSB can embed a maximum of 750KB into MP3 file with 30db average result. This research contributes to the information security community by providing more secure steganography technique which provides message confidentiality and integrity
Improved steganalysis technique based on least significant bit using artificial neural network for MP3 files
MP3 files are one of the most widely used digital audio formats that provide a high compression ratio with reliable quality. Their widespread use has resulted in MP3 audio files becoming excellent covers to carry hidden information in audio steganography on the Internet. Emerging interest in uncovering such hidden information has opened up a field of research called steganalysis that looked at the detection of hidden messages in a specific media. Unfortunately, the detection accuracy in steganalysis is affected by bit rates, sampling rate of the data type, compression rates, file track size and standard, as well as benchmark dataset of the MP3 files. This thesis thus proposed an effective technique to steganalysis of MP3 audio files by deriving a combination of features from MP3 file properties. Several trials were run in selecting relevant features of MP3 files like the total harmony distortion, power spectrum density, and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) for investigating the correlation between different channels of MP3 signals. The least significant bit (LSB) technique was used in the detection of embedded secret files in stego-objects. This involved reading the stego-objects for statistical evaluation for possible points of secret messages and classifying these points into either high or low tendencies for containing secret messages. Feed Forward Neural Network with 3 layers and traingdx function with an activation function for each layer were also used. The network vector contains information about all features, and is used to create a network for the given learning process. Finally, an evaluation process involving the ANN test that compared the results with previous techniques, was performed. A 97.92% accuracy rate was recorded when detecting MP3 files under 96 kbps compression. These experimental results showed that the proposed approach was effective in detecting embedded information in MP3 files. It demonstrated significant improvement in detection accuracy at low embedding rates compared with previous work
Audio Steganography using Convex Demixing
In the first part, we first introduce steganography (in chapter 1) not in the usual context of information security, but as a method to piggyback data on top of some content. We then focus on audio steganography and propose a new steganographic scheme in chapter 2 as well as a model for the noisy, analog communication channel we are considering (in section 3.2). The method we use is based on signal mixing, the science of constructing vectors in a way that their sum can then be split back into the original components. This is presented in chapter 4. The data recovery, or demixing, relies on convex optimization (presented in chapter 5) and some further signal processing detailed in chapter 6. In the second part we present our proof of concept implementation and show the results of simulation runs that have been made in order to study the properties of the overall system (chapter 7). We study how the different parameters of the system and the communication channel affect the performance of the steganographic scheme.Finally, we draw conclusions (chapter 8) about the findings and suggest (in chapter 9) what next steps could be taken in order to further study this steganographic scheme
IPPP Research Bulletin, Volume 8, Number 1, 2008
Previously known as IPPP UM Research Bulletin and now, known as UMR Bulleti
DIGITAL WATERMARKING FOR COMPACT DISCS AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE ERROR CORRECTION SYSTEM
A new technique, based on current compact disc technology, to image the transparent
surface of a compact disc, or additionally the reflective information layer, has been
designed, implemented and evaluated. This technique (image capture technique) has
been tested and successfully applied to the detection of mechanically introduced compact
disc watermarks and biometrical information with a resolution of 1.6um x l4um.
Software has been written which, when used with the image capture technique,
recognises a compact disc based on its error distribution. The software detects digital
watermarks which cause either laser signal distortions or decoding error events.
Watermarks serve as secure media identifiers.
The complete channel coding of a Compact Disc Audio system including EFM
modulation, error-correction and interleaving have been implemented in software. The
performance of the error correction system of the compact disc has been assessed using
this simulation model. An embedded data channel holding watermark data has been
investigated. The covert channel is implemented by means of the error-correction
ability of the Compact Disc system and was realised by aforementioned techniques like
engraving the reflective layer or the polysubstrate layer. Computer simulations show
that watermarking schemes, composed of regularly distributed single errors, impose a
minimum effect on the error correction system.
Error rates increase by a factor of ten if regular single-symbol errors per frame are
introduced - all other patterns further increase the overall error rates. Results show
that background signal noise has to be reduced by a factor of 60% to account for the
additional burden of this optimal watermark pattern.
Two decoding strategies, usually employed in modern CD decoders, have been
examined. Simulations take emulated bursty background noise as it appears in user-handled
discs into account. Variations in output error rates, depending on the decoder
and the type of background noise became apparant. At low error rates {r < 0.003)
the output symbol error rate for a bursty background differs by 20% depending on the
decoder. Differences between a typical burst error distribution caused by user-handling
and a non-burst error distribution has been found to be approximately 1% with the
higher performing decoder.
Simulation results show that the drop of the error-correction rates due to the presence
of a watermark pattern quantitatively depends on the characteristic type of the
background noise. A four times smaller change to the overall error rate was observed
when adding a regular watermark pattern to a characteristic background noise, as
caused by user-handling, compared to a non-bursty background
1999 Eleventh Annual IMSA Presentation Day
Abstracts can be found attached in alphabetical order under the first presenter.https://digitalcommons.imsa.edu/archives_sir/1025/thumbnail.jp
05. 1999 Eleventh Annual IMSA Presentation Day
https://digitalcommons.imsa.edu/class_of_2000/1004/thumbnail.jp
Европейский и национальный контексты в научных исследованиях
В настоящем электронном сборнике «Европейский и национальный контексты в научных исследованиях. Технология» представлены работы молодых ученых по геодезии и картографии, химической технологии и машиностроению, информационным технологиям, строительству и радиотехнике. Предназначены для работников образования, науки и производства. Будут полезны студентам, магистрантам и аспирантам университетов.=In this Electronic collected materials “National and European dimension in research. Technology” works in the fields of geodesy, chemical technology, mechanical engineering, information technology, civil engineering, and radio-engineering are presented. It is intended for trainers, researchers and professionals. It can be useful for university graduate and post-graduate students
Digital watermark technology in security applications
With the rising emphasis on security and the number of fraud related crimes
around the world, authorities are looking for new technologies to tighten
security of identity. Among many modern electronic technologies, digital
watermarking has unique advantages to enhance the document authenticity.
At the current status of the development, digital watermarking technologies
are not as matured as other competing technologies to support identity authentication
systems. This work presents improvements in performance of
two classes of digital watermarking techniques and investigates the issue of
watermark synchronisation.
Optimal performance can be obtained if the spreading sequences are designed
to be orthogonal to the cover vector. In this thesis, two classes of
orthogonalisation methods that generate binary sequences quasi-orthogonal
to the cover vector are presented. One method, namely "Sorting and Cancelling"
generates sequences that have a high level of orthogonality to the
cover vector. The Hadamard Matrix based orthogonalisation method, namely
"Hadamard Matrix Search" is able to realise overlapped embedding, thus the
watermarking capacity and image fidelity can be improved compared to using
short watermark sequences. The results are compared with traditional
pseudo-randomly generated binary sequences. The advantages of both classes
of orthogonalisation inethods are significant.
Another watermarking method that is introduced in the thesis is based
on writing-on-dirty-paper theory. The method is presented with biorthogonal
codes that have the best robustness. The advantage and trade-offs of
using biorthogonal codes with this watermark coding methods are analysed
comprehensively. The comparisons between orthogonal and non-orthogonal
codes that are used in this watermarking method are also made. It is found
that fidelity and robustness are contradictory and it is not possible to optimise
them simultaneously.
Comparisons are also made between all proposed methods. The comparisons
are focused on three major performance criteria, fidelity, capacity and
robustness. aom two different viewpoints, conclusions are not the same. For
fidelity-centric viewpoint, the dirty-paper coding methods using biorthogonal
codes has very strong advantage to preserve image fidelity and the advantage
of capacity performance is also significant. However, from the power
ratio point of view, the orthogonalisation methods demonstrate significant
advantage on capacity and robustness. The conclusions are contradictory
but together, they summarise the performance generated by different design
considerations.
The synchronisation of watermark is firstly provided by high contrast
frames around the watermarked image. The edge detection filters are used
to detect the high contrast borders of the captured image. By scanning
the pixels from the border to the centre, the locations of detected edges
are stored. The optimal linear regression algorithm is used to estimate the
watermarked image frames. Estimation of the regression function provides
rotation angle as the slope of the rotated frames. The scaling is corrected by
re-sampling the upright image to the original size. A theoretically studied
method that is able to synchronise captured image to sub-pixel level accuracy
is also presented. By using invariant transforms and the "symmetric
phase only matched filter" the captured image can be corrected accurately
to original geometric size. The method uses repeating watermarks to form an
array in the spatial domain of the watermarked image and the the array that
the locations of its elements can reveal information of rotation, translation
and scaling with two filtering processes
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