Performance Analysis of On-Demand Routing Protocols in Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have recently gained a lot of popularity due to their rapid deployment and instant communication capabilities. WMNs are dynamically self-organizing, self-configuring and self-healing with the nodes in the network automatically establishing an adiej hoc network and preserving the mesh connectivity. Designing a routing protocol for WMNs requires several aspects to consider, such as wireless networks, fixed applications, mobile applications, scalability, better performance metrics, efficient routing within infrastructure, load balancing, throughput enhancement, interference, robustness etc. To support communication, various routing protocols are designed for various networks (e.g. ad hoc, sensor, wired etc.). However, all these protocols are not suitable for WMNs, because of the architectural differences among the networks. In this paper, a detailed simulation based performance study and analysis is performed on the reactive routing protocols to verify the suitability of these protocols over such kind of networks. Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO) routing protocol are considered as the representative of reactive routing protocols. The performance differentials are investigated using varying traffic load and number of source. Based on the simulation results, how the performance of each protocol can be improved is also recommended.Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs), IEEE 802.11s, AODV, DSR, DYMO

A Review of the Energy Efficient and Secure Multicast Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad hoc Networks

This paper presents a thorough survey of recent work addressing energy efficient multicast routing protocols and secure multicast routing protocols in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). There are so many issues and solutions which witness the need of energy management and security in ad hoc wireless networks. The objective of a multicast routing protocol for MANETs is to support the propagation of data from a sender to all the receivers of a multicast group while trying to use the available bandwidth efficiently in the presence of frequent topology changes. Multicasting can improve the efficiency of the wireless link when sending multiple copies of messages by exploiting the inherent broadcast property of wireless transmission. Secure multicast routing plays a significant role in MANETs. However, offering energy efficient and secure multicast routing is a difficult and challenging task. In recent years, various multicast routing protocols have been proposed for MANETs. These protocols have distinguishing features and use different mechanismsComment: 15 page

Portable mud remover

Basically, the only way to remove mud is by using shovel. The process of removing mud usually need us to shovel out the mud, put it into buckets and carry it outside and by using a garden sprayer or hose to wash away mud from hard surfaces [1]. This is because there are no specific tools or products to remove the mud in our industries. In that case, our group had come up with an idea to design a “Portable Mud Remover” which is inspired from a lawnmower and vacuum as shown in Figure 10.1. The idea of using concept of lawnmower is because to make is the product is portable and easy to handling. The smallest types of lawnmower are pushed by a human user and are suitable for small space. The problem occurs for the pool vacuum is that the product is not suitable to suck the mud because it is not designed for a heavy duty work

SNR-Based OLSR Routing Protocol for Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) consist of a collection of mobile and fixed nodes that form a network. Nodes are capable of communicating with each other either with infrastructure, or infrastructureless, or in a hybrid mode. The major advantages of WMNs over the other wireless networks are the low-cost, self organization, self configuration, last mile internet solution, scalability, and reliability. These advantages have attracted the researcher over the last five years. WMNs technology is gaining an increased attention from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) community. This led the IEEE organization to emerge a special working group (IEEE 802.11s) in charge of the issues deriving from a completely wireless distribution system used to interconnect different Basic Service Sets (BSSs) through secure and performing links. In a multi-hop networks, like WMN, one of the main factors that influences the performance is the routing protocol. Generally speaking, routing protocols can be classified based-on the routing metric to 1) hop count-based routing protocols, like Adhoc on demand distance vector (AODV) where the optimum path is defined as the path that goes through the minimum number of nodes, 2) the link quality-based routing protocols, like OLSR where some metrics such as the bandwidth and the packet error rate are considered to define the optimum path to the destination. In this work the performances of a three commonly used routing protocols are compared. The main goal of this stag is to study the influence of different routing protocols in WMNs. The comparison is conducted with two scenarios of networks; a high mobility network and a low mobility network. (Open network) OPNET 11.5 modeler is used to build the WMNs. The performance of the network and the routing protocols has been studied in means of network throughput, End-to-End delay, routing protocol overhead and the mobility. The obtained results show that the Optimized link state routing protocol (OLSR) has the highestthroughput overDSR andAODVrouting protocols in WMNs. The unpredictable behavior of the wireless medium in WMNs environment demands the need for a routing protocol that is aware of the link conditions. Unfortunately the routing protocols used such as AODV and Dynamic source routing (DSR) are hop count-based; where the routing algorithm uses the number of nodes to determine the optimum path to the destination. In the second stage of this work a new routing technique for WMNs based-on Signal to noise ratio (SNR) as a new metric for OLSR routing protocol, is developed. The new metric has been implemented on the OLSR routing protocol module using OPNET simulator. The modified OLSR routing protocol is implemented in the comparison scenarios. The obtained results show that, when SNR is used as a routing metric in the OLSR routing protocol, the OLSR is getting the significantly higher network throughput over the DSR and AODV routing protocols. In the same time, the modified OLSR implemented with the SNR metric is showing a high improvement over the OLSR with the traditional hop-count metric. This thesis also studies the affect of different amounts of mobility in WMNs performance. VI

Performance analysis of on-demand routing protocols in wireless mesh networks

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have recently gained a lot of popularity due to their rapid deployment and instant communication capabilities. WMNs are dynamically self-organizing, self-configuring and self-healing with the nodes in the network automatically establishing an adiej hoc network and preserving the mesh connectivity. Designing a routing protocol for WMNs requires several aspects to consider, such as wireless networks, fixed applications, mobile applications, scalability, better performance metrics, efficient routing within infrastructure, load balancing, throughput enhancement, interference, robustness etc. To support communication, various routing protocols are designed for various networks (e.g. ad hoc, sensor, wired etc.). However, all these protocols are not suitable for WMNs, because of the architectural differences among the networks. In this paper, a detailed simulation based performance study and analysis is performed on the reactive routing protocols to verify the suitability of these protocols over such kind of networks. Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO) routing protocol are considered as the representative of reactive routing protocols. The performance differentials are investigated using varying traffic load and number of source. Based on the simulation results, how the performance of each protocol can be improved is also recommended

Intelligent MANET optimisation system

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.In the literature, various Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) routing protocols proposed. Each performs the best under specific context conditions, for example under high mobility or less volatile topologies. In existing MANET, the degradation in the routing protocol performance is always associated with changes in the network context. To date, no MANET routing protocol is able to produce optimal performance under all possible conditions. The core aim of this thesis is to solve the routing problem in mobile Ad hoc networks by introducing an optimum system that is in charge of the selection of the running routing protocol at all times, the system proposed in this thesis aims to address the degradation mentioned above. This optimisation system is a novel approach that can cope with the network performance’s degradation problem by switching to other routing protocol. The optimisation system proposed for MANET in this thesis adaptively selects the best routing protocol using an Artificial Intelligence mechanism according to the network context. In this thesis, MANET modelling helps in understanding the network performance through different contexts, as well as the models’ support to the optimisation system. Therefore, one of the main contributions of this thesis is the utilisation and comparison of various modelling techniques to create representative MANET performance models. Moreover, the proposed system uses an optimisation method to select the optimal communication routing protocol for the network context. Therefore, to build the proposed system, different optimisation techniques were utilised and compared to identify the best optimisation technique for the MANET intelligent system, which is also an important contribution of this thesis. The parameters selected to describe the network context were the network size and average mobility. The proposed system then functions by varying the routing mechanism with the time to keep the network performance at the best level. The selected protocol has been shown to produce a combination of: higher throughput, lower delay, fewer retransmission attempts, less data drop, and lower load, and was thus chosen on this basis. Validation test results indicate that the identified protocol can achieve both a better network performance quality than other routing protocols and a minimum cost function of 4.4%. The Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol comes in second with a cost minimisation function of 27.5%, and the Optimised Link State Routing (OLSR) algorithm comes in third with a cost minimisation function of 29.8%. Finally, The Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) algorithm comes in last with a cost minimisation function of 38.3%