Enriching Discourse on Public Domains

Is there one public domain, or are there many public domains? The scholarly literature predominantly assumes there is only one, for references abound to “the public domain” in the singular. Yet, even a cursory review of this literature reveals that scholars sometimes define this term differently. So if there is only one public domain, but many definitions, perhaps one objective of scholarly discourse about the public domain should be to seek consensus on the one “true” definition.Professor James Boyle has provocatively suggested that there are many public domains, and has urged scholars to develop a rich vocabulary for distinguishing among them. He points out that the word “property” has multiple meanings, and discourse about property proceeds without confusion because legal professionals have learned to discern which meaning is intended from the textual context. Boyle urges intellectual property scholars to develop a similarly nuanced public domain vocabulary so that it will be possible to distinguish among its several meanings as well.This essay considers the potential benefits of accepting the existence of multiple public domains and ways in which discourse about public domains might be enriched thereby. Part II provides a synopsis of thirteen conceptions of the public domain found in the law review literature, explaining each, generally by reviewing the explication of it offered by its principal proponent or discoverer. Part III organizes the definitions by recognizing that they cluster around three main foci: 1) the legal status of information resources, 2) freedoms to use information resources, even if protected by IP rights, and 3) accessibility of information resources. Although it is common to think of information resources as either IP-protected or public domain, and as either publicly accessible or not, Part III shows that the public domain literature views these concepts not as binary opposites, but rather as points along a continuum. Part IV discusses the advantages and disadvantages of recognizing multiple public domains and recommends the use of adjectives to clarify discourse about the many public domains. The constitutional public domain, for instance, is distinct from the privatizable (although not yet, privatized) public domain. This Part differentiates among conceptions of public domains that should be accepted and those that perhaps should not. The principal advantage of recognizing multiple public domains is that it illuminates a range of important social values served by these domains and a plethora of strategies for preserving them and the values they serve

Enriching Discourse on Public Domains

Studying microvascular responses to iontophoresis of vasoconstricting drugs contributes to a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of cutaneous vessels, but measuring these responses with laser-Doppler flowmetry at basal blood flow conditions is technically challenging. This study aimed to investigate whether the measurement of cutaneous vasoconstrictor responses to noradrenaline (NA) and phenylephrine (PE), delivered by iontophoresis, is facilitated by predilatation of the microvascular bed using local heating. We used different drug delivery rates (100 s x 0.12 mA, 200 s x 0.06 mA, 300 s x 0.04 mA) to investigate whether predilatation affects the local drug dynamics by an increased removal of drugs from the skin. In a predilatated vascular bed, iontophoresis of NA and PE resulted in a significant decrease in perfusion from the thermal plateau (p andlt; 0.001). The decrease was 25-33%, depending on drug delivery rate. In unheated skin, a significant vasoconstriction was observed (p andlt; 0.001), with 17% and 14% decrease from baseline for NA and PE, respectively. These results indicate that predilatating the cutaneous vascular bed by local heating facilitates measurement of vasoconstriction with laser-Doppler flowmetry and does not seem to significantly affect the result by an increased removal of drugs from the skin.Original Publication: Joakim Henricson, Yashma Baiat and Folke Sjöberg, Local Heating as a Predilatation Method for Measurement of Vasoconstrictor Responses with Laser-Doppler Flowmetry, 2011, MICROCIRCULATION, (18), 3, 214-220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-8719.2010.00079.x Copyright: Wiley http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Brand/id-35.html</p

TransOceanik: academic research & public domains

Academic research is inherently linked to public domains: civic society, community groups, NGOs, places and spaces, including cyberspace. Public domains are also where academics share their research – with each other, graduate and undergraduate students, civil society and the general public. Such was the case of a colloquium on the theme Academic Research in the Public Domain: Interactions, Interpretations and Display. This special issue of Etropics is a selection of papers first presented at the colloquium organised by the TransOceanik Links research group in collaboration with the Culture, Agency and Change Research Group, The Cairns Institute, the Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Sociale, CNRS, Paris, and the School of Arts and Social Sciences, James Cook University. The colloquium was held at The Cairns Institute (TCI), the tropical research institute of James Cook University which serves its tri-city campuses in Cairns, Townsville and Singapore

Managing Expatriates: Success Factors in Private and Public Domains

This volume provides in-depth examinations of a variety of individual, social, and environmental factors that contribute to the success of expatriate employees. Using data from numerous large-scale studies from both the public and private sectors, this volume provides valuable insights into expatriate success with implications for both theoretical understanding and practical management. The authors explore factors that influence employees to pursue expatriation, contribute to expatriate adjustment and satisfaction, and ultimately drive expatriate performance, well-being, and success. The chapters in this book consider the role of social demographic characteristics, personality and individual differences, training and preparation, and social and organizational support in contributing to each of these outcomes. Using findings from diverse countries and sectors and data-focused analytic techniques, this volume provides novel insights into factors promoting expatriate success

Understanding the Importance of Front Yard Accessibility for Community Building: A Case Study of Subiaco, Western Australia

The residential built form, including open space, provides the physical environment for social interaction. Understanding urban open space, including semi-public and public domains, through the lens of physical accessibility and visual permeability can potentially facilitate the building of a sense of community contributing to a better quality of life. Using an inner-city suburb in Perth, Western Australia as a case study, this research explores the importance of physical accessibility patterns and visual permeability for socialising in semi-public and public domains, such as the front yard and the residential streets. It argues that maintaining a balance between public and private inter-relationship in inner city residential neighbourhoods is important for creating and maintaining a sense of community