Coexistence and interference mitigation for WPANs and WLANs from traditional approaches to deep learning: a review

More and more devices, such as Bluetooth and IEEE 802.15.4 devices forming Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) and IEEE 802.11 devices constituting Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), share the 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band in the realm of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart Cities. However, the coexistence of these devices could pose a real challenge—co-channel interference that would severely compromise network performances. Although the coexistence issues has been partially discussed elsewhere in some articles, there is no single review that fully summarises and compares recent research outcomes and challenges of IEEE 802.15.4 networks, Bluetooth and WLANs together. In this work, we revisit and provide a comprehensive review on the coexistence and interference mitigation for those three types of networks. We summarize the strengths and weaknesses of the current methodologies, analysis and simulation models in terms of numerous important metrics such as the packet reception ratio, latency, scalability and energy efficiency. We discover that although Bluetooth and IEEE 802.15.4 networks are both WPANs, they show quite different performances in the presence of WLANs. IEEE 802.15.4 networks are adversely impacted by WLANs, whereas WLANs are interfered by Bluetooth. When IEEE 802.15.4 networks and Bluetooth co-locate, they are unlikely to harm each other. Finally, we also discuss the future research trends and challenges especially Deep-Learning and Reinforcement-Learning-based approaches to detecting and mitigating the co-channel interference caused by WPANs and WLANs

A Comprehensive Analysis of Literature Reported Mac and Phy Enhancements of Zigbee and its Alliances

Wireless communication is one of the most required technologies by the common man. The strength of this technology is rigorously progressing towards several novel directions in establishing personal wireless networks mounted over on low power consuming systems. The cutting-edge communication technologies like bluetooth, WIFI and ZigBee significantly play a prime role to cater the basic needs of any individual. ZigBee is one such evolutionary technology steadily getting its popularity in establishing personal wireless networks which is built on small and low-power digital radios. Zigbee defines the physical and MAC layers built on IEEE standard. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of literature reported MAC and PHY enhancements of ZigBee and its contemporary technologies with respect to performance, power consumption, scheduling, resource management and timing and address binding. The work also discusses on the areas of ZigBee MAC and PHY towards their design for specific applications

Role of Wireless technology in mobile augmented reality system (MARS)

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LINK ADAPTATION IN WIRELESS NETWORKS: A CROSS-LAYER APPROACH

Conventional Link Adaptation Techniques in wireless networks aim to overcome harsh link conditions caused by physical environmental properties, by adaptively regulating modulation, coding and other signal and protocol specific parameters. These techniques are essential for the overall performance of the networks, especially for environments where the ambient noise level is high or the noise level changes rapidly. Link adaptation techniques answer the questions of What to change? and When to change? in order to improve the present layer performance. Once these decisions are made, other layers are expected to function perfectly with the new communication channel conditions. In our work, we have shown that this assumption does not always hold; and provide two mechanisms that lessen the negative outcomes caused by these decisions. Our first solution, MORAL, is a MAC layer link adaptation technique which utilizes the physical transmission information in order to create differentiation between wireless users with different communication capabilities. MORAL passively collects information from its neighbors and re-aligns the MAC layer parameters according to the observed conditions. MORAL improves the fairness and total throughput of the system through distributing the mutually shared network assets to the wireless users in a fairer manner, according to their capabilities. Our second solution, Data Rate and Fragmentation Aware Ad-hoc Routing protocol, is a network layer link adaptation technique which utilizes the physical transmission information in order to differentiate the wireless links according to their communication capabilities. The proposed mechanism takes the physical transmission parameters into account during the path creation process and produces energy-efficient network paths. The research demonstrated in this dissertation contributes to our understanding of link adaptation techniques and broadens the scope of such techniques beyond simple, one-step physical parameter adjustments. We have designed and implemented two cross-layer mechanisms that utilize the physical layer information to better adapt to the varying channel conditions caused by physical link adaptation mechanisms. These mechanisms has shown that even though the Link Adaptation concept starts at the physical layer, its effects are by no means restricted to this layer; and the wireless networks can benefit considerably by expanding the scope of this concept throughout the entire network stack

Spectrum Sharing Methods in Coexisting Wireless Networks

Radio spectrum, the fundamental basis for wireless communication, is a finite resource. The development of the expanding range of radio based devices and services in recent years makes the spectrum scarce and hence more costly under the paradigm of extensive regulation for licensing. However, with mature technologies and with their continuous improvements it becomes apparent that tight licensing might no longer be required for all wireless services. This is from where the concept of utilizing the unlicensed bands for wireless communication originates. As a promising step to reduce the substantial cost for radio spectrum, different wireless technology based networks are being deployed to operate in the same spectrum bands, particularly in the unlicensed bands, resulting in coexistence. However, uncoordinated coexistence often leads to cases where collocated wireless systems experience heavy mutual interference. Hence, the development of spectrum sharing rules to mitigate the interference among wireless systems is a significant challenge considering the uncoordinated, heterogeneous systems. The requirement of spectrum sharing rules is tremendously increasing on the one hand to fulfill the current and future demand for wireless communication by the users, and on the other hand, to utilize the spectrum efficiently. In this thesis, contributions are provided towards dynamic and cognitive spectrum sharing with focus on the medium access control (MAC) layer, for uncoordinated scenarios of homogeneous and heterogeneous wireless networks, in a micro scale level, highlighting the QoS support for the applications. This thesis proposes a generic and novel spectrum sharing method based on a hypothesis: The regular channel occupation by one system can support other systems to predict the spectrum opportunities reliably. These opportunities then can be utilized efficiently, resulting in a fair spectrum sharing as well as an improving aggregated performance compared to the case without having special treatment. The developed method, denoted as Regular Channel Access (RCA), is modeled for systems specified by the wireless local resp. metropolitan area network standards IEEE 802.11 resp. 802.16. In the modeling, both systems are explored according to their respective centrally controlled channel access mechanisms and the adapted models are evaluated through simulation and results analysis. The conceptual model of spectrum sharing based on the distributed channel access mechanism of the IEEE 802.11 system is provided as well. To make the RCA method adaptive, the following enabling techniques are developed and integrated in the design: a RSS-based (Received Signal Strength based) detection method for measuring the channel occupation, a pattern recognition based algorithm for system identification, statistical knowledge based estimation for traffic demand estimation and an inference engine for reconfiguration of resource allocation as a response to traffic dynamics. The advantage of the RCA method is demonstrated, in which each competing collocated system is configured to have a resource allocation based on the estimated traffic demand of the systems. The simulation and the analysis of the results show a significant improvement in aggregated throughput, mean delay and packet loss ratio, compared to the case where legacy wireless systems coexists. The results from adaptive RCA show its resilience characteristics in case of dynamic traffic. The maximum achievable throughput between collocated IEEE 802.11 systems applying RCA is provided by means of mathematical calculation. The results of this thesis provide the basis for the development of resource allocation methods for future wireless networks particularly emphasized to operate in current unlicensed bands and in future models of the Open Spectrum Alliance

Experimental analysis of WiMAX and meshed Wi-Fi quality of service

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e TelecomunicaçõesA indústria das telecomunicações tem sofrido uma evolução enorme nosúltimos anos. Tanto em termos de comunicações sem fios, como em termos deligações de banda larga, assistiu-se a uma adesão massiva por parte domercado, o que se traduziu num crescimento enorme, já que a tecnologia temque estar um passo à frente da procura, de forma a suprir as carências dosconsumidores. Assim, a evolução persegue um objectivo claro: possibilidadede possuir conectividade de banda larga em qualquer lugar e instante. Nestecontexto, aparecem as tecnologias WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability forMicrowave Access) e WI-FI em Malha como possibilidades para atingir estefim. O tema desta dissertação incide no estudo das tecnologias de WiMAX e WI-FIem Malha, mais concretamente no estudo da Qualidade de Serviço (QoS)providenciada pelas normas IEEE 802.16 e IEEE 802.11s para serviços deVoIP e VoD. Esta tese apresenta a arquitectura desenvolvida para a correcta integração deQoS para serviços em tempo real no acesso à banda larga sem fios depróxima geração. De seguida, apresenta testes efectuados com osequipamentos disponíveis de WiMAX e WI-FI em Malha, de forma a mostrar ocorrecto comportamento da atribuição extremo-a-extremo de QoS nos cenáriosescolhidos com serviços em tempo real, bem como os efeitos da mobilidade natecnologia WI-FI em Malha. ABSTRACT: The telecommunication industry has suffered a massive evolution throughoutpast years. In terms of wireless communications, as well as broadbandconnections, we’ve seen a massive adoption by the market, which conductedinto an enormous growth, since the technology must always be one step aheadof the demand, in order to be to fulfill the needs of the consumers. Therefore,the evolution pursues one clear goal: the possibility to establish a broadbandconnection anywhere and anytime. In this context, the WiMAX (WorldwideInteroperability for Microwave Access) and Meshed WI-FI technologies appearas possibilities to reach this goal. The subject of this thesis is the study of both the WiMAX and Meshed WI-FItechnologies, and more concretely the study of the QoS provided by theIEEE802.16 and IEEE 802.11s standards to VoIP and VoD services. This thesis presents the architecture developed to provide the correctintegration of QoS for real-media traffic in next generation broadband wirelessaccess. It presents tests carried out with the available WiMAX and Meshed WI-FI equipments, to show the correct behavior in the attribution of end-to-endQoS in selected scenarios with real-time services, as well as mobility effects onWI-FI Wireless Mesh technology

Quantifying, generating and mitigating radio interference in Low-Power Wireless Networks

Doctoral Programme in Telecommunication - MAP-teleRadio interference a ects the performance of low-power wireless networks (LPWN), leading to packet loss and reduced energy-e ciency, among other problems. Reliability of communications is key to expand application domains for LPWN. Since most LPWN operate in the license-free Industrial Scienti c and Medical (ISM) bands and hence share the spectrum with other wireless technologies, addressing interference is an important challenge. In this context, we present JamLab: a low-cost infrastructure to augment existing LPWN testbeds with accurate interference generation in LPWN testbeds, useful to experimentally investigate the impact of interference on LPWN protocols. We investigate how interference in a shared wireless medium can be mitigated by performing wireless channel energy sensing in low-cost and low-power hardware. For this pupose, we introduce a novel channel quality metric|dubbed CQ|based on availability of the channel over time, which meaningfully quanti es interference. Using data collected from a number of Wi-Fi networks operating in a library building, we show that our metric has strong correlation with the Packet Reception Rate (PRR). We then explore dynamic radio resource adaptation techniques|namely packet size and error correction code overhead optimisations|based on instantaneous spectrum usage as quanti ed by our CQ metric. To conclude, we study emerging fast fading in the composite channel under constructive baseband interference, which has been recently introduced in low-power wireless networks as a promising technique. We show the resulting composite signal becomes vulnerable in the presence of noise, leading to signi cant deterioration of the link, whenever the carriers have similar amplitudes. Overall, our results suggest that the proposed tools and techniques have the potential to improve performance in LPWN operating in the unlicensed spectrum, improving coexistence while maintaining energy-e ciency. Future work includes implementation in next generation platforms, which provides superior computational capacity and more exible radio chip designs.A interferência de r adio afeta o desempenho das redes de comunicação sem o de baixo consumo - low-power wireless networks (LPWN), o que provoca perdas de pacotes, diminuição da e ciência energética, entre outros problemas. A contabilidade das comunicações e importante para a expansão e adoção das LPWN nos diversos domínios de potencial aplicação. Visto que a grande maioria das LPWN partilham o espectro radioelétrico com outras redes sem o, a interferência torna-se um desafio importante. Neste contexto, apresentamos o JamLab: uma infraestrutura de baixo custo para estender a funcionalidade dos ambientes laboratoriais para o estudo experimental do desempenho das LPWN sob interferência. Resultando, assim, numa ferramenta essencial para a adequada verificação dos protocolos de comunicações das LPWN. Para al em disso, a Tese introduz uma nova técnica para avaliar o ambiente radioelétrico e demostra a sua utilização para gerir recursos disponíveis no transceptor rádio, o que permite melhorar a fiabilidade das comunicações, nomeadamente nas plataformas de baixo consumo, garantindo e ciência energética. Assim, apresentamos uma nova métrica| denominada CQ - concebida especificamente para quantificar a qualidade do canal r adio, com base na sua disponibilidade temporal. Mediante dados adquiridos em v arias redes sem o Wi-Fi, instaladas no edifício de uma biblioteca universitária, demonstra-se que esta métrica tem um ótimo desempenho, evidenciando uma elevada correlação com a taxa de receção de pacotes. Investiga-se ainda a potencialidade da nossa métrica CQ para gerir dinamicamente recursos de radio como tamanho de pacote e taxa de correlação de erros dos códigos - baseado em medições instantâneas da qualidade do canal de radio. Posteriormente, estuda-se um modelo de canal composto, sob interferência construtiva de banda-base. A interferência construtiva de banda-base tem sido introduzida recentemente nas LPWN, evidenciando ser uma técnica prometedora no que diz respeito à baixa latência e à contabilidade das comunicações. Na Tese investiga-se o caso crítico em que o sinal composto se torna vulnerável na presença de ruído, o que acaba por deteriorar a qualidade da ligação, no caso em que as amplitudes das distintas portadoras presentes no receptor sejam similares. Finalmente, os resultados obtidos sugerem que as ferramentas e as técnicas propostas têm potencial para melhorar o desempenho das LPWN, num cenário de partilha do espectro radioelétrico com outras redes, melhorando a coexistência e mantendo e ciência energética. Prevê-se como trabalho futuro a implementação das técnicas propostas em plataformas de próxima geração, com maior flexibilidade e poder computacional para o processamento dos sinais rádio.This work was supported by FCT (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology) and by ESF (European Social Fund) through POPH (Portuguese Human Potential Operational Program), under PhD grant SFRH/BD/62198/2009; also by FCT under project ref. FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-014922 (MASQOTS), and EU through the FP7 programme, under grant FP7-ICT-224053 (CONET)

Radio Communications

In the last decades the restless evolution of information and communication technologies (ICT) brought to a deep transformation of our habits. The growth of the Internet and the advances in hardware and software implementations modified our way to communicate and to share information. In this book, an overview of the major issues faced today by researchers in the field of radio communications is given through 35 high quality chapters written by specialists working in universities and research centers all over the world. Various aspects will be deeply discussed: channel modeling, beamforming, multiple antennas, cooperative networks, opportunistic scheduling, advanced admission control, handover management, systems performance assessment, routing issues in mobility conditions, localization, web security. Advanced techniques for the radio resource management will be discussed both in single and multiple radio technologies; either in infrastructure, mesh or ad hoc networks

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Guiding readers through the basics of these rapidly emerging networks to more advanced concepts and future expectations, Mobile Ad hoc Networks: Current Status and Future Trends identifies and examines the most pressing research issues in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Containing the contributions of leading researchers, industry professionals, and academics, this forward-looking reference provides an authoritative perspective of the state of the art in MANETs. The book includes surveys of recent publications that investigate key areas of interest such as limited resources and the mobility of mobile nodes. It considers routing, multicast, energy, security, channel assignment, and ensuring quality of service. Also suitable as a text for graduate students, the book is organized into three sections: Fundamentals of MANET Modeling and Simulation—Describes how MANETs operate and perform through simulations and models Communication Protocols of MANETs—Presents cutting-edge research on key issues, including MAC layer issues and routing in high mobility Future Networks Inspired By MANETs—Tackles open research issues and emerging trends Illustrating the role MANETs are likely to play in future networks, this book supplies the foundation and insight you will need to make your own contributions to the field. It includes coverage of routing protocols, modeling and simulations tools, intelligent optimization techniques to multicriteria routing, security issues in FHAMIPv6, connecting moving smart objects to the Internet, underwater sensor networks, wireless mesh network architecture and protocols, adaptive routing provision using Bayesian inference, and adaptive flow control in transport layer using genetic algorithms

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Guiding readers through the basics of these rapidly emerging networks to more advanced concepts and future expectations, Mobile Ad hoc Networks: Current Status and Future Trends identifies and examines the most pressing research issues in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Containing the contributions of leading researchers, industry professionals, and academics, this forward-looking reference provides an authoritative perspective of the state of the art in MANETs. The book includes surveys of recent publications that investigate key areas of interest such as limited resources and the mobility of mobile nodes. It considers routing, multicast, energy, security, channel assignment, and ensuring quality of service. Also suitable as a text for graduate students, the book is organized into three sections: Fundamentals of MANET Modeling and Simulation—Describes how MANETs operate and perform through simulations and models Communication Protocols of MANETs—Presents cutting-edge research on key issues, including MAC layer issues and routing in high mobility Future Networks Inspired By MANETs—Tackles open research issues and emerging trends Illustrating the role MANETs are likely to play in future networks, this book supplies the foundation and insight you will need to make your own contributions to the field. It includes coverage of routing protocols, modeling and simulations tools, intelligent optimization techniques to multicriteria routing, security issues in FHAMIPv6, connecting moving smart objects to the Internet, underwater sensor networks, wireless mesh network architecture and protocols, adaptive routing provision using Bayesian inference, and adaptive flow control in transport layer using genetic algorithms