1,757 research outputs found

    Reduced Fuel Emissions through Connected Vehicles and Truck Platooning

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    Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication enable the sharing, in real time, of vehicular locations and speeds with other vehicles, traffic signals, and traffic control centers. This shared information can help traffic to better traverse intersections, road segments, and congested neighborhoods, thereby reducing travel times, increasing driver safety, generating data for traffic planning, and reducing vehicular pollution. This study, which focuses on vehicular pollution, used an analysis of data from NREL, BTS, and the EPA to determine that the widespread use of V2V-based truck platooningโ€”the convoying of trucks in close proximity to one another so as to reduce air drag across the convoyโ€”could eliminate 37.9 million metric tons of CO2 emissions between 2022 and 2026

    Traffic congestion prevention system

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    Transport is one of the key elements in the development of any country; it can be a powerful catalyst for economic growth. However, the infrastructure does not give enough to the huge number of vehicles which produces several problems, particularly in terms of road safety, and loss of time and pollution. One of the most significant problems is congestion, this is a major handicap for the road transport system. An alternative would be to use new technologies in the field of communication to send traffic information such as treacherous road conditions and accident sites by communicating, for a more efficient use of existing infrastructure.ย  In this paper, we present a CPS system, which can help drivers in order to have a better trip. For this raison we find the optimal way to reduce travel time and fuel consumption. This system based on our recent work [1]. Itยดs new approach aims to avoid congestion and queues, hat assure more efficient and optimal use of the existing road infrastructure. For that we concentrate by analyzing the useful and reliable traffic information collected in real time. The system is simulated in several conditions, Experimental result show that our approach is very effective. In the future work, we try to improve our system by adding more complexity in our system

    GHG ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ธ์ •์  ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ต์ฐจ๋กœ ๊ตํ†ต์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ •์ฑ…์š”์†Œ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ฑ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ AHP ํ‰๊ฐ€.

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฒฝ์˜ยท๊ฒฝ์ œยท์ •์ฑ…์ „๊ณต, 2023. 2. ํ™ฉ์ค€์„.๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์—ผ, ํŠนํžˆ ์œ ํ•ด๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์˜จ ์ƒ์Šน์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ, ํŠนํžˆ 2022๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 7์‹ญ์–ต 9์ฒœ๋งŒ๋ช…์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ์กด์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ค์—ผ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€ 1์ฐจ ์‚ฐ์—… ํ˜๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ ํœ˜๋ฐœ์œ  ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ „ํ™˜์ ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์ด์ž ์ง€๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ์˜จ ์ƒ์Šน๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์›์ธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ•™ ์ „๋ฌธ์ง€๋Š” ๊ตํ†ต ์—ญํ•™์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์†Œ๋น„ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตํ†ต ํ˜ผ์žก ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์ž„์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ฐจ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ตํ†ต์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€์‘๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋‚˜ ์žฅ์น˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ตํ†ต์ฒด์ฆ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์†Œ๋“ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ตํ†ต ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ „ํ™˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ตํ†ต ํ˜ผ์žก์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตํ†ต ๋ฐ ๋„์‹œ ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ €์†Œ๋“ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์šฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹๋Ÿ‰, ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•, ๊ต์œก, ์•ˆ๋ณด, ๊ตํ†ต์— ํ• ๋‹นํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค ์˜ค์—ผ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ตํ†ต ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ณ„์†๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ค์—ผ์ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋“ , ์ตœ์ข… ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์˜จ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ด์Šˆ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ฒ ์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋…ผ์ ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ต์ฐจ๋กœ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ตํ†ต ์ •์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?์ด๊ณ . ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 135๊ฑด ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์„œ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ๊ตํ†ต์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์ด. SLR ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—์„œ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ ์ถ”์ถœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์–ด ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜, ํ”Œ๋žซํผ, ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ, ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ, ์„ผ์„œ, ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์—์„œ ์ถ”์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทœํ™” ๋‹จ์–ด ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด 241๊ฐœ์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ STL ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 2๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ด 135๊ฐœ์˜ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋ จ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ›„์—๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ๋งต์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ 27 STL ์ฃผ์š” ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์ œํ•œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ Lu Jie, Watson, Bates ๋ฐ Kennedy, Towjua ๋ฐ Felix Isholab, Addy Majewski์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ SLR ์‹๋ณ„์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค; ๊ทธ๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ๊ตํ†ต ์ฒด์ฆ๊ณผ ์ •์ฒด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์œจ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. SLR์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์„ค๋ช…, ์ถ”์ถœ ๋ฐ ์ •๊ทœํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ฑ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ ๋ฐ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.๋Œ€์ฒด ๊ณ„์ธต ๋˜๋Š” ์ฐจ์›์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ AHP ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋„๋ก ์˜๋„๋œ STL ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋งต์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ: "STL ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ SLR ์‹๋ณ„์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตํ†ต ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  GHG-Co2 ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ์ œ์•ฝ ํ•˜์—์„œ ๊ต์ฐจ๋กœ(์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ฑ)์˜ ๊ตํ†ต ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?" ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์ž์™€ ์ •์ฑ… ์ž…์•ˆ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ ๊ณ„์ธต ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค(AHP)์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ถ„์„(MCDA)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.๊ต์ฐจ๋กœ์˜ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ •์ฒด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ IR ๊ธฐ์ˆ . 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ์ƒˆํ‹ฐ ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ AHP ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์€ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์ธต์ ์ด๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ ์ž์ฃผ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ ํƒ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๋Œ€์•ˆ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์„ ํƒ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ณผ ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, SLR ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ์‹๋ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ฐฐํƒ€์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆํ‹ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ฒ™๋„๋Š” ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์Œ์ฒด ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ํ•˜ํ–ฅ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์งˆ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ์–‘์  ์ธก๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ > ์น˜์ˆ˜(STL ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, STL ๋น„์šฉ ๋ฐ ๊ตํ†ต ๋ฐฐ์ถœ) > ๊ธฐ์ค€ > ๋Œ€์•ˆ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ AHP ๋ถ„์„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด,๊ธฐ์กด ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ฑ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ STL ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„์šฉ ์ฐจ์›์ด ํ˜„์žฌ 45.79%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์ด ํšจ์œจ ์ฐจ์›(41.61%)์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์•ˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ๋„ ๋ฃจํ”„ ์„ผ์„œ๊ฐ€ 23.67% ๋™์˜๋กœ GHG ์ €๊ฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ต์ฐจ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋„ํ™” ๋ฐ ๊ตํ†ตํ๋ฆ„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜์ƒ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์ง€ 15.02%, GPS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  13.37% ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ „ํ™˜์ด๋‚˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํ™”์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฌ์ •์  ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ์€ SLR์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์—ฌ STL๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ , IoT, AI์˜ ์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„๋กœ ๊ต์ฐจ๋กœ์˜ ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ๊ณผ GHG ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๊ตํ†ต ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์™€ ์‹ค๋ฌด์ž์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ž์™€ ์ •์ฑ… ์ž…์•ˆ์ž ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋„ ๋ฃจํ”„ ์„ผ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊ต์ฐจ๋กœ์˜ ๊ตํ†ต ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ฑ์— ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž„์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค, ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋†’์€ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํˆฌ์ž์˜ ๋†’์€ ๋น„์šฉ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ .Climate change has become a critical issue around the world. Rising global temperatures caused by pollution, specifically noxious gas emissions, is threatening the survival of all living species, particularly humans, who will number more than 7.9 billion by 2022. This contamination proclivity dates back to the first industrial revolution and reached a tipping point with the implementation of gasoline additives by the automotive industry. Nowadays, the vehicular sector is the world's first source of pollution and the primary cause of rising global temperatures and the subsequent consequences of climate change. Scientific literature analyzes transportation dynamics and finds that critical moments in emission boost are during the traffic congestion hours when the vehicles are obligated to transit at the most efficient fuel consumption speed. Based on this, it is determined that road intersections are the most common source of traffic congestion due to lack of real-time responsive technologies or devices to handle vehicular traffic demand. Middle-upper and high-income nations have been working on implementing several modern technologies along with city infrastructure upgrades on the back of transportation and urban policies to reduce vehicular traffic congestion through large investments in the digital transformation of traffic management systems and moving the cities towards smartification. The problem arises when low- or low-middle-income governments are required to prioritize the needs of their populations and allocate budgets to projects, positioning climate change far behind food, housing, health, education, security, and transportation. Thus, structural problems related to the transportation field continue, resulting in Green House Gas (GHG) contamination. In this scenario, no matter whether the contamination is reduced, diminished, increased, or augmented, the final effect is accounted for as a global temperature change. To delve deeper into these issues, the current study poses two research questions: If a relationship between increasing GHG-Co2 emissions and vehicular traffic congestion levels at intersections exists? Using a systematic literature review (SLR) as the methodology, over 135 documents related to Smart Traffic Light (STL) and GHG emissions were categorized and filtered, yielding a total of 13 key papers. From the SLR papers database, a keyword extractor was implemented to identify and extract the architecture, platforms, frameworks, simulators, sensors, methods, and algorithms from each entry. A total of two hundred forty-one STL related technologies were identified, by using a normalization word cloud method it was reduced the total to one hundred thirty-five terms. In a second stage the results were limited to twenty-seven STL terms using a categorization tree map the related or closely related technologies were examined. The research question was addressed by the SLR identification of studies by Lu Jie, Watson, Bates, and Kennedy, Towojua and Felix Isholab, (Table 1). All these studies provide different methods for identifying the correlation between traffic jams and congestion and increasing GHG emissions. SLR's intensive technology description, extraction, and normalization resulted in a clear identification of smart traffic light-related technologies, architectures, and frameworks, allowing the creation of a STL technology map, which is intended to be one of the critical steps in the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) by providing an alternative layer or dimension. The second research question is: Based on the SLRs identification of STL system technologies, which of these technologies are the most suitable to be implemented as an element of the traffic infrastructure at intersections (traffic lights) under budget constraints, targeted at improving traffic flows and reducing GHG-Co2 emissions? This was studied under a multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA), based on an (AHP), aimed to allow decision-makers and policymakers to determine which were the most suitable Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) technologies related to vehicular traffic congestion management at intersections. Developed by Professor Thomas Saaty in the 1970s, the AHP methodology is a multicriteria decision process that helps in choosing from among many alternatives based on a number of selection criteria or variables that are typically hierarchical and frequently at odds with one another. Choosing the selection criteria and sub-criteria carefully, defining them correctly, and ensuring that they are mutually exclusive are issues that were addressed by the SLR technologies. Identification and categorization are essential components of the process. The Saaty Fundamental Scale is used in the survey to perform a paired comparison. The hierarchical structure is top-down: the subject of this method is Objectives> Dimensions (STL Functions, STL Costs, and Traffic Emissions)> Criteria> Alternatives, which allows the transformation of qualitative aspects into quantitative ones, significantly facilitating a comparison between the various alternatives and producing more objective and reliable results. According to an AHP analysis which was based on an expert survey questionnaire, the cost dimension is the most important factor in implementing STL technologies for upgrading existing traffic light infrastructure at 45.79 percent, followed by the efficiency dimension (41.61 percent). At the alternatives level, experts identified that Inductive Loop Sensors were the best technology for upgrading the intersections and obtaining traffic flow improvements along with a GHG reduction with 23.67 percent agreement, followed by Video Vehicle Detection at 15.02 percent, and GPS-based technologies at 13.37 percent. The current study aims to address low-income governments' financial constraints which prevent them from investing in digital transformation or smartification. The study uses a SLR to identify the smart technologies, Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) related to STL state of art to find a correlation and scientific evidence between the traffic at road intersections and the increase in GHG emissions. However, in addition to identifying and providing scientific evidence, the research goes further by evaluating those technologies from the perspective of traffic management experts and practitioners, providing a high degree of reliability of the outcomes. Thus, both decision-makers and policymakers can base their policies on the present study to determine that the Inductive Loop Sensor is the best smart technology for improving traffic flows at intersections and feeding traffic lights with real-time information, despite the high initial investments, which can be understood as a high cost in the short-run but with benefits in terms of efficiency in the long run.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.1.1 Environmental background 1 1.1.2 Vehicle industry background 3 1.1.3 Developing countries backgrounds 7 1.2 Definitions 10 1.3 Motivation 16 1.4 Problem statement 16 1.5 Research objective 18 1.6 Research questions 19 1.7 Research methodology 19 1.8 Research contribution 21 1.9 Research novelty 22 1.10 Outline 23 Chapter 2. Literature Review 23 Chapter 3.Data and Methodology 26 3.1 Systematic Literature Review (SLR) 26 3.1.1 Journal search and indexing databases 27 3.1.2 SLR Methodology 30 3.2 The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) 34 3.2.1 AHP Survey questionnaire 38 3.2.2 Criteria description 39 3.2.3 Data normalizing 41 3.2.4 The AHP Methodology 46 Chapter 4. Data 50 4.1 AHPs Objective 50 4.2 First Layer: Dimensions 51 4.3 Second layer: Criteria 52 4.3.1 Efficiency dimension data analysis 52 4.3.2 Cost dimension data analysis 53 4.3.3 Emission dimensions data analysis 53 4.4 Third layer: Alternatives 54 Chapter 5. Results 55 Chapter 6. Conclusions 58 Bibliography. 62 Appendix 71 Appendix 1: Spearman Coefficient Correlation GSโ€“ WoS 73 Appendix 2: Spearman Coefficient Correlation GS - Scopus 74 Appendix 3: PRISMA 2020 Checklist 75 Appendix 4: AHP Expert Questionary 78 Appendix 5: AHP Electronic Survey Form 85 Appendix 6: AHP Top-Down Hierarchy Model 86 Acknowledgments 88 Abstract (Korean) 88์„
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