Enhancing Security and Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Network Routing with IOT Challenges: A Thorough Review

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have emerged as a crucial component in the field of networking due to their cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and compact size, making them invaluable for various applications. However, as the reliance on WSN-dependent applications continues to grow, these networks grapple with inherent limitations such as memory and computational constraints. Therefore, effective solutions require immediate attention, especially in the age of the Internet of Things (IoT), which largely relies on the effectiveness of WSNs. This study undertakes a comprehensive review of research conducted between 2018 and 2020, categorizing it into six main domains: 1) Providing an overview of WSN applications, management, and security considerations. 2) Focusing on routing and energy-saving techniques. 3) Reviewing the development of methods for information gathering, emphasizing data integrity and privacy. 4) Emphasizing connectivity and positioning techniques. 5) Examining studies that explore the integration of IoT technology into WSNs with an eye on secure data transmission. 6) Highlighting research efforts aimed at energy efficiency. The study addresses the motivation behind employing WSN applications in IoT technologies, as well as the challenges, obstructions, and solutions related to their application and development. It underscores that energy consumption remains a paramount issue in WSNs, with untapped potential for improving energy efficiency while ensuring robust security. Furthermore, it identifies existing approaches' weaknesses, rendering them inadequate for achieving energy-efficient routing in secure WSNs. This review sheds light on the critical challenges and opportunities in the field, contributing to a deeper understanding of WSNs and their role in secure IoT applications

A Survey in Wireless Ad hoc Network Security and Secure Energy Optimization Approaches for Routing

Wireless ad hoc network nodes together establish a network infrastructure without using any access points or base stations for communicates using multi hop schemes. It has significant characteristics like dynamic topologies, constrained in bandwidth and limited resource a high challenge in implementing security with optimized energy resource utilization which is the key aspects while designing modern ad hoc networks architecture. Ad hoc Networks nodes are limited in broadcast range, and also their capabilities of computation and storage are well limited to their energy resources. This limitation of resources in wireless ad hoc creates high challenges in incorporating security mechanism for routing security and privacy maintenance. This paper investigates the various issues and challenges in secure routing and energy optimization during communication in wireless ad hoc network towards security and secure energy utilization improvisation

Topology Management in Wireless Sensor Networks: Multi-State Algorithms

In order to maximize the network’s lifetime and ensure the connectivity among the nodes, most topology management practices use a subgroup of nodes for routing. This paper provides an in-depth look at existing topology management control algorithms in Multi-state structure. We suggest a new algorithm based on Geographical Adaptive Fidelity (GAF) and Adaptive Self-Configuring Sensor Networks Topology (ASCENT). The new proposed algorithm outperforms both GAF and ASCENT algorithms

Cognitive Security Framework For Heterogeneous Sensor Network Using Swarm Intelligence

Rapid development of sensor technology has led to applications ranging from academic to military in a short time span. These tiny sensors are deployed in environments where security for data or hardware cannot be guaranteed. Due to resource constraints, traditional security schemes cannot be directly applied. Unfortunately, due to minimal or no communication security schemes, the data, link and the sensor node can be easily tampered by intruder attacks. This dissertation presents a security framework applied to a sensor network that can be managed by a cohesive sensor manager. A simple framework that can support security based on situation assessment is best suited for chaotic and harsh environments. The objective of this research is designing an evolutionary algorithm with controllable parameters to solve existing and new security threats in a heterogeneous communication network. An in-depth analysis of the different threats and the security measures applied considering the resource constrained network is explored. Any framework works best, if the correlated or orthogonal performance parameters are carefully considered based on system goals and functions. Hence, a trade-off between the different performance parameters based on weights from partially ordered sets is applied to satisfy application specific requirements and security measures. The proposed novel framework controls heterogeneous sensor network requirements,and balance the resources optimally and efficiently while communicating securely using a multi-objection function. In addition, the framework can measure the affect of single or combined denial of service attacks and also predict new attacks under both cooperative and non-cooperative sensor nodes. The cognitive intuition of the framework is evaluated under different simulated real time scenarios such as Health-care monitoring, Emergency Responder, VANET, Biometric security access system, and Battlefield monitoring. The proposed three-tiered Cognitive Security Framework is capable of performing situation assessment and performs the appropriate security measures to maintain reliability and security of the system. The first tier of the proposed framework, a crosslayer cognitive security protocol defends the communication link between nodes during denial-of-Service attacks by re-routing data through secure nodes. The cognitive nature of the protocol balances resources and security making optimal decisions to obtain reachable and reliable solutions. The versatility and robustness of the protocol is justified by the results obtained in simulating health-care and emergency responder applications under Sybil and Wormhole attacks. The protocol considers metrics from each layer of the network model to obtain an optimal and feasible resource efficient solution. In the second tier, the emergent behavior of the protocol is further extended to mine information from the nodes to defend the network against denial-of-service attack using Bayesian models. The jammer attack is considered the most vulnerable attack, and therefore simulated vehicular ad-hoc network is experimented with varied types of jammer. Classification of the jammer under various attack scenarios is formulated to predict the genuineness of the attacks on the sensor nodes using receiver operating characteristics. In addition to detecting the jammer attack, a simple technique of locating the jammer under cooperative nodes is implemented. This feature enables the network in isolating the jammer or the reputation of node is affected, thus removing the malicious node from participating in future routes. Finally, a intrusion detection system using `bait\u27 architecture is analyzed where resources is traded-off for the sake of security due to sensitivity of the application. The architecture strategically enables ant agents to detect and track the intruders threateningthe network. The proposed framework is evaluated based on accuracy and speed of intrusion detection before the network is compromised. This process of detecting the intrusion earlier helps learn future attacks, but also serves as a defense countermeasure. The simulated scenarios of this dissertation show that Cognitive Security Framework isbest suited for both homogeneous and heterogeneous sensor networks

Distance-Based and Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

A wireless sensor network (WSN) comprises small sensor nodes with limited energy capabilities. The power constraints of WSNs necessitate efficient energy utilization to extend the overall network lifetime of these networks. We propose a distance-based and low-energy adaptive clustering (DISCPLN) protocol to streamline the green issue of efficient energy utilization in WSNs. We also enhance our proposed protocol into the multi-hop-DISCPLN protocol to increase the lifetime of the network in terms of high throughput with minimum delay time and packet loss. We also propose the mobile-DISCPLN protocol to maintain the stability of the network. The modelling and comparison of these protocols with their corresponding benchmarks exhibit promising results

The impact of incapacitation of multiple critial sensor nodes on wireless sensor network lifetime

Kablosuz Algılayıcı Aglar (KAA) askeri güvenlik ve çevre gözetleme vb. kritik kontrol etme uygulamalarında sıkça kullanılmaktadır. Bu tip kritik uygulamarda algılayıcı dügümler ? düsman saldırıları için potansiyel birer hedeftir. KAA'ların en önemli performans ölçütlerinden birisi ag yasam süresi oldugu için çe¸sitli saldırılarla algılayıcı dügümlerden en kritik olanlarının ele geçirilmesi ve i¸slevsiz hale getirilmesi ag yasam süresini ciddi miktarda etkilemektedir. Bu çalı¸smada Dogrusal Programlama (DP) tabanlı iki tane özgün algoritma geli¸stirilmis olup kritik dügümlerin ele geçirilmesinin KAA ya¸sam süresine olan etkileri sistematik biçimde ele alınmı¸stır. Bu çalısma sonucunda kritik dügümlerin ele geçirilmesinin ag yasam süresini ciddi ölçüde düsürdügü sonuçlarına varılmıstır.Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are envisioned to be utilized in many application areas such as critical infrastructure monitoring, therefore, WSN nodes are potential targets for adversaries. Network lifetime is one of the most important performance indicators in WSNs. Possibility of reducing the network lifetime significantly by eliminating a certain subset of nodes through various attacks will create the opportunity for the adversaries to hamper the performance of WSNs with a low risk of detection. However, the extent of reduction in network lifetime due to elimination of a group of critical sensor nodes has never been investigated in the literature. Therefore, in this study , we created a novel Linear Programming (LP) framework to model the impact of critical node elimination attacks on WSNs and explored the parameter space through numerical evaluations of the LP model. Our results show that critical node elimination attacks can shorten the network lifetime significantly

From MANET to people-centric networking: Milestones and open research challenges

In this paper, we discuss the state of the art of (mobile) multi-hop ad hoc networking with the aim to present the current status of the research activities and identify the consolidated research areas, with limited research opportunities, and the hot and emerging research areas for which further research is required. We start by briefly discussing the MANET paradigm, and why the research on MANET protocols is now a cold research topic. Then we analyze the active research areas. Specifically, after discussing the wireless-network technologies, we analyze four successful ad hoc networking paradigms, mesh networks, opportunistic networks, vehicular networks, and sensor networks that emerged from the MANET world. We also present an emerging research direction in the multi-hop ad hoc networking field: people centric networking, triggered by the increasing penetration of the smartphones in everyday life, which is generating a people-centric revolution in computing and communications