Greening the Grey: A Framework for Integrated Green Grey Infrastructure (IGGI)

This report presents innovations from academia and practice designed to green grey infrastructure assets such as bridges, street furniture and coastal engineering structures that need to remain primarily grey for their essential function. We call this integrated green grey infrastructure (IGGI). We collated material on these innovations and assessed them using a critical success factors (CSF) framework that we –co-developed with a team of practitioners in government agencies and companies to help better evaluate the potential benefits and limitations of using IGGI measures compared to traditional grey engineering solutions. The CSF framework is outlined and demonstrated by assessing the engineering performance and ecosystem services benefits of ecological enhancements used in specific operational scale case studies. The case studies presented in this report show that simple, inexpensive ecological enhancement and green engineering solutions can deliver more multifunctional benefits than business as usual solutions for similar or reduced costs. These ecological enhancements and green engineering options have been compiled and assessed for historic conservation areas, urban areas, estuaries and at the coast. This report is intended to support asset managers, engineers, conservation and biodiversity teams, decision-makers, and other end-users to help them better identify IGGI options and evaluate these against business as usual grey engineering approaches

Urban society and the English Revolution : the archaeology of the new Jerusalem

PhD ThesisThe English Revolution has long been a defining subject of English historiography, with a large and varied literature that reflects continuing engagement with the central themes of civil conflict, and deep-rooted social, political and religious change. By contrast, this period has failed to catch the imagination of archaeologists. This research seeks to understand the world of the English Revolution through its material expression in English towns. Identifying the material expressions of the period is central to developing an archaeological understanding of the period. The clearest material expressions are found, in the fortifications that were built to protect towns, the destruction that was wrought on towns and in the reconstruction of the material world of English towns. Towns, like any other artefact, have their meanings. These meanings are multivalent and ever shifting, defined by the interaction of their material fabric and those who experience it. As these meanings change over time, they can be traced through the structures and artefacts of the town, and through the myths and legends that accrete on them. Understanding the interactions of material, myth and memory allows archaeologists to understand the true meaning of the urban built environment to generate a deeper and more nuanced understanding of the nature of the English urban culture of the period. Towns were fundamental to the English imagination as much as they were economically, politically or socially important. The English Revolution sits at the heart of the accepted conception of historical archaeology, but has been curiously neglected by historical archaeologists. The cultural conflict of this period embodies the themes that are central to historical archaeology, and nowhere is this more apparent than in urban culture

Frontiers, oceans and coastal cultures : a preliminary reconnaissance

722 leaves ; 29 cm.Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 633-722).Part I of this study examines the practical and symbolic connotations according the term "frontier" over time. Opening with its limited military-territorial usage in colonial North America, I consider this within the context of the theories of Frederick Jackson Turner, the later impact of those theories, and the redefinitions proposed by his later critics and defenders. In this process a fortified zone of cross-border conflict became a leading edge of agricultural settlement and, later still, an often distant border region. Within this last, pioneer-frontiersmen are usually prominent. Meanwhile the material, intellectual, spiritual and other cultural values of an established centre or metropolis are first asserted in often primitive and hostile conditions, only to later rebound to interact with the home metropolis. In Part II I investigate the extent to which the Turner and post-Turner concepts are applicable to the activities carried out on the oceans that cover some 70 percent of Earth's surface. Apart from the territorial frontier nature of many coastlines, I propose there is a more general "Oceanic Frontier" on which mariner-frontiersmen are the equivalents of their traditional counterparts on land. This Oceanic Frontier comprise three sub-frontiers: the coastline on land; the maritime (or adjacent) coastal waters; and the distant high seas or "oceanic" frontier per se . All exist in a symbiotic relationship that has a unique impact on the mariner-frontiersmen who exploit them, as well as on the coastal dwellers who support them. Finally, I suggest this results in essential cultural differences between inhabitants of such maritime frontiers and those of the traditionally agricultural, often initially peasant, cultures of the continental interiors

Urban society and the English Revolution : the archaeology of the new Jerusalem

The English Revolution has long been a defining subject of English historiography, with a large and varied literature that reflects continuing engagement with the central themes of civil conflict, and deep-rooted social, political and religious change. By contrast, this period has failed to catch the imagination of archaeologists. This research seeks to understand the world of the English Revolution through its material expression in English towns. Identifying the material expressions of the period is central to developing an archaeological understanding of the period. The clearest material expressions are found, in the fortifications that were built to protect towns, the destruction that was wrought on towns and in the reconstruction of the material world of English towns. Towns, like any other artefact, have their meanings. These meanings are multivalent and ever shifting, defined by the interaction of their material fabric and those who experience it. As these meanings change over time, they can be traced through the structures and artefacts of the town, and through the myths and legends that accrete on them. Understanding the interactions of material, myth and memory allows archaeologists to understand the true meaning of the urban built environment to generate a deeper and more nuanced understanding of the nature of the English urban culture of the period. Towns were fundamental to the English imagination as much as they were economically, politically or socially important. The English Revolution sits at the heart of the accepted conception of historical archaeology, but has been curiously neglected by historical archaeologists. The cultural conflict of this period embodies the themes that are central to historical archaeology, and nowhere is this more apparent than in urban culture.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo