On the Role of Age of Information in the Internet of Things

In this article, we provide an accessible introduction to the emerging idea of Age of Information (AoI) that quantifies freshness of information and explore its possible role in the efficient design of freshness-aware Internet of Things (IoT). We start by summarizing the concept of AoI and its variants with emphasis on the differences between AoI and other well-known performance metrics in the literature, such as throughput and delay. Building on this, we explore freshness-aware IoT design for a network in which IoT devices sense potentially different physical processes and are supposed to frequently update the status of these processes at a destination node (such as a cellular base station). Inspired by the recent interest, we also assume that these IoT devices are powered by wireless energy transfer by the destination node. For this setting, we investigate the optimal sampling policy that jointly optimizes wireless energy transfer and scheduling of update packet transmissions from IoT devices with the goal of minimizing long-term weighted sum-AoI. Using this, we characterize the achievable AoI region. We also compare this AoI-optimal policy with the one that maximizes average throughput (throughput-optimal policy), and demonstrate the impact of system state on their structures. Several promising directions for future research are also presented.Comment: To appear in IEEE Communications Magazin

Design of Information Visualizations in the Internet of Nano-Things Air Quality Systems

Today\u27s age is characterized by large amount of information that surrounds us in which visual information plays a significant role. Nanosensor air quality measurement systems that use Internet of Nano-Things technology enable the collection of big data. Ease of display and storage of information that the user can easily interpret are imperative in designing a visual interface. Only a good combination of visual elements complemented by data and map display will contribute to the clarity of the processed data. This paper will give an overview of the factors that affect the excellence of the transmission of visual information. Ways of presenting visualizations of air quality data measured by IoNT systems will be discussed through descriptive and empirical analysis of visualizations. A special emphasis is on the review of existing practices and principles, and the possibilities of visual presentation of information in this area will be explained through the discussion

ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN ELECTIONEERING: THE CASE OF THE NIGERIAN 2015 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

The 21st century can be described as the age of information technology. Technology runs almost all human endeavours, including politics. In recent times, politicians have swerved from the use of traditional media (broadcast and print) to the use of social media to carry out their political and electoral campaigns in order to realize their political ambition. One of the major challenges of electioneering in the 21st century is that, due to the faceless nature of the internet, social media spreads propaganda, false information, and hate speeches about an electoral candidate. These go viral and are used to manipulate the electorate. This paper examines the role of social media in the awareness, participation, and possible influence on the Nigerian electorate in their decision or choice of leadership during the 2015 presidential election. Findings show that the social media played a major role in mobilizing people, creating awareness, as well as participation and circulation of information about candidates. It therefore recommends, among other things, that regulatory methods on what should and should not be posted on social media should be put in place by the governing bodies of various social media platforms. This will help to censor and check information that spread on social media platforms. This way, campaigns that use and encourage hate speeches or instill violence will not be posted or published. The method of analysis is descriptive and the data are largely drawn from secondary literature. Keywords: Electioneering, Election, Hate Speech, Social Media, False Information

SOCIAL MEDIA AND ELECTIONEERING: A STUDY OF NIGERIA 2015 AND UNITED STATES 2016 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS

The 21st century can be described as the age of information technology. Technology runs almost all human endeavours, including politics. In recent times, politicians have swerved from the use of traditional media (broadcast and print) to the use of social media to carry out their political and electoral campaigns in order to realize their political ambition. One of the major challenges of electioneering in the 21st century is that, due to the faceless nature of the internet, social media spreads propaganda, false information, and hate speeches about an electoral candidate. These go viral and are used to manipulate the electorate. This paper examines the role of social media in the awareness, participation, and possible influence on the Nigerian electorate in their decision or choice of leadership during the Nigeria 2015 and United States 2016 presidential election. The method of analysis is both quantitative and descriptive and the data are drawn from secondary sources as well as the use of questionnaire. Findings show that the social media played a major role in mobilizing people, creating awareness, as well as participation and circulation of information about candidates. It therefore recommends, among other things, that practical regulatory methods on what should and should not be posted on social media should be put in place by the governing bodies of various social media platforms. This will help to censor and check information that spread on social media platforms. This way,campaigns that use and encourage hate speeches or instill violence will not be posted or published

THE URGENCY OF TECHNOLOGY-BASED EDUCATION FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL IN INDONESIA

The rapid development of technology and the need for Primary School-age children in educational innovation to compete in the modern era provide a paradigm that needs to be studied more deeply on how urgent technology is in Primary School. Based on this, the researchers analyzed the urgency of technology-based education for Primary School in Indonesia. The method in this research is a literature review that examines the importance of the topics discussed and compares the results with findings in other studies on the same issue. Based on the research results, the urgency of technology-based education in Primary School is as follows. (1) The characteristics of Primary School-age children who like exciting things and like varied learning enable technology as a concrete solution, (2) Technology can facilitate educators in giving assignments to students in gathering information from various sources, including from the internet (3) Technology can minimize internal weaknesses, (4) Technology-based education can reach all learning areas anytime and anywhere so that the role of technology in learning in Primary School can facilitate the formation of collaborative relationships and build meaning in easier contexts. Technology-based education for Primary School has three main functions used in learning activities: (1) Technology functions as a tool. In this case, technology is used as a tool for educators to convey learning information in the form of knowledge to students to make it easier for them to understand the material. (2) Technology functions as science. In this case, technology is part of a scientific discipline that students must master. (3) Technology functions as materials and tools for learning (literacy). In this case, technology is interpreted as a learning material and a tool to master a computer-assisted competency. In this case, the position of technology is no different from that of a teacher who functions as a facilitator, motivator, transmitter, and evaluato

Enhancing Security and Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Network Routing with IOT Challenges: A Thorough Review

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have emerged as a crucial component in the field of networking due to their cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and compact size, making them invaluable for various applications. However, as the reliance on WSN-dependent applications continues to grow, these networks grapple with inherent limitations such as memory and computational constraints. Therefore, effective solutions require immediate attention, especially in the age of the Internet of Things (IoT), which largely relies on the effectiveness of WSNs. This study undertakes a comprehensive review of research conducted between 2018 and 2020, categorizing it into six main domains: 1) Providing an overview of WSN applications, management, and security considerations. 2) Focusing on routing and energy-saving techniques. 3) Reviewing the development of methods for information gathering, emphasizing data integrity and privacy. 4) Emphasizing connectivity and positioning techniques. 5) Examining studies that explore the integration of IoT technology into WSNs with an eye on secure data transmission. 6) Highlighting research efforts aimed at energy efficiency. The study addresses the motivation behind employing WSN applications in IoT technologies, as well as the challenges, obstructions, and solutions related to their application and development. It underscores that energy consumption remains a paramount issue in WSNs, with untapped potential for improving energy efficiency while ensuring robust security. Furthermore, it identifies existing approaches' weaknesses, rendering them inadequate for achieving energy-efficient routing in secure WSNs. This review sheds light on the critical challenges and opportunities in the field, contributing to a deeper understanding of WSNs and their role in secure IoT applications

Online Shopping

Examines trends in online shopping and the use of online services, comparing survey data by gender, age, race/ethnicity, education, income, and region. Analyzes attitudes toward online shopping and services, with a focus on low-income Internet users