On the number of components in cooperating distributed grammar systems

AbstractIt is proved that the number of components in context-free cooperating distributed (CD) grammar systems can be reduced to 3 when they are working in the so-called sf-mode of derivation, which is the cooperation protocol which has been considered first for CD grammar systems. In this derivation mode, a component continues the derivation until and unless there is a nonterminal in the sentential form which cannot be rewritten according to that component. Moreover, it is shown that CD grammar systems in sf-mode with only one component can generate only the context-free languages but they can generate non-context-free languages if two components are used. The sf-mode of derivation is compared with other well-known cooperation protocols with respect to the hierarchies induced by the number of components

A method for tailoring the information content of a software process model

The framework is defined for a general method for selecting a necessary and sufficient subset of a general software life cycle's information products, to support new software development process. Procedures for characterizing problem domains in general and mapping to a tailored set of life cycle processes and products is presented. An overview of the method is shown using the following steps: (1) During the problem concept definition phase, perform standardized interviews and dialogs between developer and user, and between user and customer; (2) Generate a quality needs profile of the software to be developed, based on information gathered in step 1; (3) Translate the quality needs profile into a profile of quality criteria that must be met by the software to satisfy the quality needs; (4) Map the quality criteria to set of accepted processes and products for achieving each criterion; (5) Select the information products which match or support the accepted processes and product of step 4; and (6) Select the design methodology which produces the information products selected in step 5

A Note on Emergence in Multi-Agent String Processing Systems

We propose a way to define (and, in a certain extent, even to measure) the phenomenon of emergence which appears in a complex system of interacting agents whose global behaviour can be described by a language and whose components (agents) can also be associated with grammars and languages. The basic idea is to identify the "linear composition of behaviours" with "closure under basic operations", such as the AFL (Abstract Families of Languages) operations, which are standard in the theory of formal languages

Communicative Approach: An Innovative Tactic in English Language Teaching

In 1970 a completely new approach in language teaching and learning with innovative attributes was introduced, which came to be well known as Communicative English. The same approach was launched in Bangladesh in the 90s with much enthusiasm.  The new approach with all the innovative and useful blessings met criticisms both from the academicians as well as the non-academicians for the lack of grammar and translation. Everyone happens to highlight the limitations of the new approach and held it responsible as a prime hindrance to language learning. The article attempts to address problems whether Communicative English is the prime solution of the problem the country is facing or the problem lies elsewhere. The study believes that the problem is not solely with the approach but with the other related auxiliaries as well.    The pedagogy, language learning and teaching strategies, teachers’ role in teaching a FL/SL and necessity of teacher training, feeble infrastructures, imperfect evaluation system etc. related to and responsible for the problem apart from the methodology of English language teaching and learning are held responsible for the failure of the approach.   In the light of the above-mentioned problems, the study proposes how the innovative and unfamiliar contents and technique can be made operative as an instructional method.  The paper also addresses a host of solutions like developing the teaching methodology, the outlook of the teachers as well as the students and their guardians towards the new approach with its innovative contents, suggestion for an eclectic method, innovative curriculum and evaluation system, etc. which are the various suggestions proposed by the author.Keywords: Communicative, Bangladesh, ELT, CLT, Eclectic

The Impact of Communicative Approach in Developing English Language Skill in Business Education

A completely new approach in language teaching and learning with innovative attributes was introduced as Communicative English in 1970. The same approach was launched in Bangladesh in the 90s with much enthusiasm.  The new approach with all the innovative and useful blessings met criticisms both from the academicians as well as the non-academicians for the lack of grammar and translation. Everyone happens to highlight the limitations of the new approach and held it responsible as a prime hindrance to language learning. The article attempts to address problems whether Communicative English is the prime solution of the problem the country is facing or the problem lies elsewhere. The study believes that the problem is not solely with the approach but with the other related auxiliaries as well.    The pedagogy, language learning and teaching strategies, teachers’ role in teaching a FL/SL and necessity of teacher training, feeble infrastructures, imperfect evaluation system etc. related to and responsible for the problem apart from the methodology of English language teaching and learning are held responsible for the failure of the approach.   In the light of the above-mentioned problems, the study proposes how the innovative and unfamiliar contents and technique can be made operative as an instructional method.  The paper also addresses a host of solutions like developing the teaching methodology, the outlook of the teachers as well as the students and their guardians towards the new approach with its innovative contents, suggestion for an eclectic method, innovative curriculum and evaluation system, etc. which are the various suggestions proposed by the author. Keywords: Communicative, Bangladesh, ELT, CLT, Eclectic, Business Education

Current Trends of Computing in the Humanities in England

Computerizing the materials used by humanistic scholars requires sophisticated and innovative use of the latest of new technologies as these are areas which pose particularly complex problems of mixed media data handling. The popular view of humanists is that they are either non-technological or that their needs are extremely simple, far simpler than those of scientists; perhaps limited to the use of word-processors and a little e-mail. This is far from being the truth: the key limiting factor on the use of computers in the humanities in the past has been the inability of the technology to handle many of the highly technical and abstruse problems of data handing which are dealt with daily in humanities scholarship. Now, however, the technology is rapidly catching up with the disciplines in its ability to handle the varieties of media: text, images, graphics, sound, and video. Computers are now used by humanists around the world for many different applications in a large number of subject areas, for quantitative analysis of those topics which are amenable to numerical study, such as the analysis of datasets for historians, for the study of paintings and artefacts by art historians and archaeologists, for the sophisticated study of textuality by literary critics and textual editors, for the study of the moving image by film theorists, and many, many more. The topics which I should like to consider in this paper are: electronic publishing and the changes which are being wrought in the publishing industry; the uses of networks; image digitization; hypermedia and multimedia; and finally the uses of computers in humanities teaching. In particular, I will be looking at the current state of these in Britain