566 research outputs found

    Synchrony patterns in Laplacian networks

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    A network of coupled dynamical systems is represented by a graph whose vertices represent individual cells and whose edges represent couplings between cells. Motivated by the impact of synchronization results of the Kuramoto networks, we introduce the generalized class of Laplacian networks, governed by mappings whose Jacobian at any point is a symmetric matrix with row entries summing to zero. By recognizing this matrix with a weighted Laplacian of the associated graph, we derive the optimal estimates of its positive, null and negative eigenvalues directly from the graph topology. Furthermore, we provide a characterization of the mappings that define Laplacian networks. Lastly, we discuss stability of equilibria inside synchrony subspaces for two types of Laplacian network on a ring with some extra couplings

    On spaces with star kernel Menger

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    Given a topological property P\mathcal{P}, a space XX is called star-P\mathcal{P} if for any open cover U\mathcal{U} of the space XX, there exists a set YXY\subseteq X with property P\mathcal{P} such that St(Y,U)=XSt(Y,\mathcal{U})=X; the set YY is called a star kernel of the cover U\mathcal{U}. In this paper, we introduce and study spaces with star kernel Menger, that is, star Menger spaces. Some examples are given to show the relationship with some other related properties studied previously, and the behaviour of the star Menger property with respect to subspaces, products, continuous images and preimages are investigated. Additionally, some comments on the star selection theory are given. Particularly, some questions posed by Song within this theory are addressed. Finally, several new properties are introduced as well as some general questions on them are posed

    Current Insights on Lipid-Based Nanosystems

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    Lipid-based nanosystems, including solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), cationic lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and liposomes, have been extensively studied to improve drug delivery through different administration routes. The main advantages of these systems are their ability to protect, transport, and control the release of lipophilic and hydrophilic molecules (either small-molecular-weight molecules or macromolecules); the use of generally recognized as safe (GRAS) excipients that minimize the toxicity of the formulations; and the possibility to modulate pharmacokinetics and enable the site-specific delivery of encapsulated payloads. In addition, the versatility of lipid-based nanosystems has further been demonstrated for the delivery of vaccines, the protection of active cosmetic ingredients, and the improvement of moisturizing properties of cosmetic formulations.Lipid-based nanosystems are well established and there are already different commercially approved formulations for various human disorders. This success has paved the way for the diversification of the pipeline of development, to address unmet medical needs for several indications, such as cancer, neurological disorders, and autoimmune, genetic, and infectious diseases.This Special Issue aims to update readers on the latest research on lipid-based nanosystems, both at the preclinical and clinical levels. A series of 15 articles (six reviews and nine studies) is presented, with authors from 12 different countries, showing the globality of the investigations that are being carried out in this area

    Current Insights on Lipid-Based Nanosystems

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    Lipid-based nanosystems, including solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), cationic lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and liposomes, have been extensively studied to improve drug delivery through different administration routes. The main advantages of these systems are their ability to protect, transport, and control the release of lipophilic and hydrophilic molecules (either small-molecular-weight molecules or macromolecules); the use of generally recognized as safe (GRAS) excipients that minimize the toxicity of the formulations; and the possibility to modulate pharmacokinetics and enable the site-specific delivery of encapsulated payloads. In addition, the versatility of lipid-based nanosystems has further been demonstrated for the delivery of vaccines, the protection of active cosmetic ingredients, and the improvement of moisturizing properties of cosmetic formulations.Lipid-based nanosystems are well established and there are already different commercially approved formulations for various human disorders. This success has paved the way for the diversification of the pipeline of development, to address unmet medical needs for several indications, such as cancer, neurological disorders, and autoimmune, genetic, and infectious diseases.This Special Issue aims to update readers on the latest research on lipid-based nanosystems, both at the preclinical and clinical levels. A series of 15 articles (six reviews and nine studies) is presented, with authors from 12 different countries, showing the globality of the investigations that are being carried out in this area

    Identificação de espécies e estimativa de parâmetros dendrométricos na Floresta Amazônica

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    Orientador: Prof. Dr. Carlos Alberto SanquettaCoorientadores: Prof(a). Dr(a). Ana Paula Dalla Corte, Prof Dr. Evandro Figueiredo Orfanó, Prof. Dr. Matheus Pinheiro FerreiraTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Florestal. Defesa : Curitiba, 20/03/2023Inclui referênciasResumo: O Inventário florestal é um método de levantamento de campo indispensável para conhecer as características quantitativas e qualitativas de uma floresta. Esta atividade em florestas nativas é demorada, onerosa, risco a saúda do trabalhador, além da possibilidade de ocorrer possíveis erros de humanos voltados a identificação e medição das árvores. O uso de geotecnologia remotas através das aeronaves para levantamento e mapeamento da vegetação vem sendo um verdadeiro aliado aos gestores ambientais na execução de projetos de manejo e conservação florestal. Considerado o potencial de uso desta ferramenta, o objetivo deste estudo foi buscar avanços técnicos e científicos para apoiar o inventário florestal remoto na floresta Amazônica, apresentado em dois capítulos. O Capítulo I corresponde a fusão de imagens aéreas adquiridas por meio de um sistema de aeronave não tripulada visando a identificação automática de espécies arbóreas utilizando rede neural convulacional (CNN) na floresta Amazônica. O estudo foi realizado em uma área de floresta nativa com 260 ha em Rio Branco, na sede da Embrapa Acre, em que foram identificadas e segmentado oito espécies florestais com potencial econômico, totalizando 406 indivíduos, com DAP a partir de 50 cm. A classificação automática das espécies foi feita através da CNN ResNet-18 combinada com a arquitetura DeepLabv3+, modelo de aprendizado de máquina profundo, dividiu-se o banco de dados em 60% treinamento e 40% para teste. O melhor resultado foi na fusão das imagens aéreas de diferentes meses (período seco e chuvoso), a acurácia média foi de 90,5%, onde para seis espécies a acurácia ultrapassou 90%, a espécie Phyllocarpus riedelii obteve uma acurácia de 100%. O mês de maio teve a menor acurácia, 69,3%, intensa mudança de fenofases das espécies, mais difícil para o algorítmico discriminar as espécies florestais enquanto que o melhor mês foi o de novembro, acurácia de 83,5%. O capítulo II abordou sobre a estimativa do volume de árvores a partir da morfometria da copa obtidas por UAS na mesma área de estudo. Utilizou-se o inventário florestal de campo, onde todas as árvores com diâmetro a altura do peito - DAP >= 50 cm foram mensuradas. A localização das árvores foram combinadas com as imagens aéreas e, após, filtrados 388 indivíduos distribuídos em 55 espécies. A morfometria da copa foi identificada através do diâmetro médio e da área da copa, posteriormente realizou um teste de correlação para analisar o tamanho do relacionado destas variáveis para posterior inserção nos modelos de volume, área basal e diâmetro das árvores distribuído por classe diamétrica. O banco de dados foi dividido em 70% para o treinamento e 30% para o teste. O teste de correlação identificou uma forte interação entre as variáveis da copa com volume e a inexistência da altura, logo foi descartada da análise. O volume predito teve métricas para o ajuste SEE 21,97% e para o teste RMSE 19,13%, ambos com R² superior a 0,90. Para área basal e diâmetro o SEE foi inferior a 6,5% e R² maior que 0,99, os resíduos dos modelos foram heterocedáticos, o volume teve a maior dispersão, mas concentrou-se até ± 25% demonstrando a acurácia do modelo e o potencial em utilizar variáveis da copa das árvores.Abstract: Performing a forest inventory is an indispensable field survey method for knowing the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of a forest. This activity in native forests is timeconsuming, costly, poses a risk to the worker's health, in addition to the possibility of possible human errors in identifying and measuring trees. The use of remote geotechnology through aircraft for surveying and mapping vegetation has been a true ally to environmental managers in executing forest management and conservation projects. Considering the potential use of this tool, the objective of this study was to seek technical and scientific advances to support the remote forest inventory in the Amazon rainforest, presented in two chapters. Chapter I corresponds to a fusion of aerial images acquired through an unmanned aircraft system aiming to automatically identify tree species using convulational neural network (CNN) in the Amazon rainforest. The study was conducted in an area of native forest with 260 ha in Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil, at the headquarters of Embrapa Acre, where eight forest species with economic potential were identified and segmented, totaling 406 individuals, with DBH from 50 cm. The automatic classification of species was done through CNN ResNet-18 combined with the DeepLabv3+ architecture, a deep machine learning model, and the database was divided into 60% training and 40% for testing. The best result was in the fusion of aerial images from different months (dry and rainy seasons); the average accuracy was 90.5%, it exceeded 90% for six species, and the Phyllocarpus riedelii species obtained an accuracy of 100%. The month of May had the lowest accuracy (69.3%), with intense change in the phenophases of the species, making it more difficult for the algorithm to discriminate forest species, while the best month was November, presenting an accuracy of 83.5%. Chapter II addressed the volume estimation of trees from crown morphometry obtained by UAS in the same study area. A field forest inventory was used, where all trees with diameter at breast height - DBH >= 50 cm were measured. The locations of the trees were combined with the aerial images, and then 388 individuals distributed in 55 species were filtered. The canopy morphometry was identified through the average diameter and the canopy area, and a correlation test was subsequently performed to analyze the related size of these variables to later insert the volume, basal area and diameter of the trees distributed by diametric class in the models. The database was divided into 70% for training and 30% for testing. The correlation test identified a strong interaction between the canopy variables with volume and the lack of height, which was therefore discarded from the analysis. The predicted volume had metrics of 21.97% for the SEE fit and 19.13% for the RMSE test, both with R² greater than 0.90. The SEE for basal area and diameter was less than 6.5% and R² greater than 0.99; the residuals of the models were heteroscedastic, the volume had the greatest dispersion, but was concentrated up to ± 25%, thereby demonstrating the model accuracy and the potential to use treetop variables

    Proper and Improper Variants of Mathias and Silver Forcing

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    In this paper we answer several questions in arXiv:2102.06009 regarding density variants of Mathias and Silver forcing. These questions include whether each of the forcing is proper, add dominating real, or add Cohen real. We also generalize one of the proofs to Mathias forcings parametrized by lower semi-continuous submeasures satisfying certain properties

    Mechanistic aspects of the eco-physiology of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense TR4

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    Banana and plantain (Musa spp.), here termed as bananas, are a source of food security and income for more than 400 million people globally. Banana production is threatened by Fusarium wilt disease, caused by the soilborne root-infecting fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). Foc Tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4) is considered the most virulent race of Foc and has gained notoriety due to its inexorable spread and devastating impact on banana cultivation. Host infection occurs when pathogen propagules, called chlamydospores, germinate and produce hyphae that penetrate host roots and subsequently invade host tissues. Infection occurs in a narrow zone of soil immediately adjacent to the roots, called rhizosphere. The rhizosphere is notable for the extensive interactions between roots, the microbiome, and soil physico-chemical factors. Banana rhizosphere interactions are poorly understood, yet profoundly influence infection and development of Fusarium wilt. It is speculated that a better understanding of banana rhizosphere interactions will improve management of Fusarium wilt through the reduction of the abundance and/or efficacy of inoculum or enhance the disease suppressiveness of soils. Hence, the overarching objective of this doctoral study was to contribute to the fundamental ecological understanding of banana rhizosphere interactions related to Foc. The first study of this thesis analysed literature from four electronic databases (AGRIS, CAB Direct, SciVerse Scopus, ProQuest) to bring together the relatively scant data available on banana rhizosphere interactions and to highlight the key knowledge gaps. Analysis of 2,281 publications revealed the complexity of banana rhizosphere interactions and the driving factors of Fusarium wilt, for which the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Data from the literature shows that management of Fusarium wilt through rhizosphere manipulation is a dominant element albeit with limited success in the field. Notably, the data from literature shows that biological control agents (bacterial and fungal strains) are highly effective in vitro and in the greenhouse with a mean efficacy of 77.1% and 73.5%, respectively, but efficacy remains below 25.0% under field conditions. The second study of this thesis provides empirical evidence for suppression of Foc TR4 by root-secreted phenolic acids of non-host plants. Hydroponic culture and targeted metabolite analysis of root exudates of two legumes, Desmodium uncinatum and Mucuna pruriens, identified phenolic compounds such as benzoic-, t-cinnamic-, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid with inhibitory potential. These phenolic compounds suppressed Foc TR4 by inhibition of chlamydospore germination, production of new spores, and hyphal growth, and specifically also the biosynthesis of fusaric acid and beauvericin toxins, which are essential in the biology of the fungus. The third study of this thesis provides empirical evidence that the process of chlamydospore germination in Foc TR4 is developmentally orchestrated and iron-dependent. Scanning electron microscopy showed that iron-starved chlamydospores are unable to form a germ tube and exhibit reduced metabolic activity. Moreover, germination exhibits plasticity regarding extracellular pH, where over 50% germination occurs between pH 3 and pH 11. This suggests that disease suppression by manipulation of soil pH may not necessarily act via alteration of iron bioavailability. The requirement for iron was further investigated by assessing the expression of two genes (rnr1 and rnr2) that encode ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), the enzyme that controls cell growth through DNA synthesis. Expression of rnr2 was significantly induced in iron-starved chlamydospores compared to the control. The fourth study assessed the production of microbial iron-sequestering metabolites (siderophores) as a potential mechanism to counteract iron starvation. Specifically, ferrichrome, a hydroxamate siderophore, was synthesized exclusively in the mycelia of iron-starved cultures, which suggests de novo biosynthesis. Moreover, amino acid precursors for siderophore biosynthesis (ornithine, arginine) were altered by iron starvation. Collectively, this doctoral thesis extends the fundamental understanding of the biology and ecology of Foc TR4 and provides a base for realizing the potential of rhizosphere manipulation for management of Fusarium wilt.Bananen und Kochbananen (Musa-Arten), die der Ernährungssicherung und dem Einkommen von weltweit mehr als 400 Millionen Menschen dienen, sind von der Fusarium-Welke bedroht, die auf dem bodenbürtigen Pilz Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) beruht. Die Rasse Foc Tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4) gilt als diejenige mit der höchsten Virulenz und ist bekannt für ihre rasche Ausbreitung und die verheerenden Wirkungen in Bananenplantagen. Zur Fortpflanzung bildet das Pathogen sogenannte Chlamydosporen, die nach ihrer Keimung Hyphen produzieren. Die Infektion erfolgt in der Rhizosphäre, wo die Hyphen über die Wurzeln in das Wirtsgewebe eindringen. Die Rhizoshpäre ist bedeutend für die intensiven Interaktionen zwischen Wurzel und dem Mikrobiom sowie den physikalisch-chemischen Faktoren im Boden. Über die Rhizosphäre-Interaktionen bei Bananen ist noch wenig bekannt. Sie haben jedoch erheblichen Einfluss auf den Befall und die Entwicklung der Fusarium-Welke. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass genauere Kenntnisse der Bananen-Rhizospäre-Interaktionen das Management der Fusarium-Welke verbessern werden, und zwar durch die Reduktion der Abundanz und/oder der Wirksamkeit des Inokulums, oder durch die Erhöhung der krankheitsunterdrückenden Wirkung des Bodens. Das übergeordnete Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit war es entsprechend, zum fundamentalen Verständnis der Bananen-Rhizospäre-Interaktionen im Zusammenhang mit Foc TR4 beizutragen. Die erste Studie dieser Arbeit umfasste die Literaturanalyse aus elektronischen Datenbanken (AGRIS, CAB Direct, SciVerse Scopus, ProQuest), um die relativ spärlich verfügbaren Daten zu den Interaktionen in der Bananen-Rhizosphäre im Zusammenhang mit der Fusarium-Welke zusammenzustellen und die Wissenslücken aufzuzeigen. Die Analyse von 2,281 Publikationen zu Bananen-Rhizosphäre Interaktionen und den bestimmenden Faktoren für die Fusarium-Welke zeigte die Komplexität der wenig verstandenen Mechanismen. Literaturdaten ergaben, dass Manipulationen der Rhizosphäre die vorherrschenden Ansätze darstellen, jedoch mit begrenzten Erfolgen unter Feldbedingungen. Biologische Kontrollagenten (Bakterien- und Pilz-Stämme) sind sehr effektiv in vitro und unter Gewächshausbedingungen mit durchschnittlichen Wirksamkeiten von 77.1% bzw. 73.5%. Unter Feldbedingungen lag die Wirksamkeit jedoch unter 25%. Die zweite Studie dieser Arbeit liefert empirische Beweise für die Unterdrückung von Foc TR4 durch Phenolsäuren, die von den Wurzeln von nicht-Wirtspflanzen abgegeben wurden. In Hydrokulturen und in gezielten metabolischen Analysen der Wurzelexudate zweier Leguminose-Arten (Desmodium uncinatum und Mucuna pruriens) zeigten Phenolverbindungen wie Benzoe-, t-Zimt- und p-Hydroxybenzoe-Säure ein inhibitorisches Potenzial. Diese Verbindungen unterdrückten Foc TR4 durch Hemmung der Chlamydosporenkeimung, der Neuproduktion von Sporen, des Hyphenwachstums und insbesondere der Biosynthese von Fusarinsäure und toxischen Beauvericinen, die in der Biologie des Pilzes essenziell sind. Die dritte Studie dieser Arbeit lieferte den empirischen Beweis, dass der entwicklungsgesteuerte Prozess der Chlamydosporen-Keimung bei Foc TR4 eisenabhängig ist. Im Rasterelektronenmikroskop zeigte sich, dass Chlamydosporen unter Eisenmangel keinen Keimschlauch bilden und eine reduzierte metabolische Aktivität aufweisen. Außerdem weist die Keimung eine Plastizität hinsichtlich des extrazellulären pH-Wertes auf, wobei mehr als 50% der Keimungen zwischen pH 3 und pH 11 erfolgten. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass die Krankheitsunterdrückung durch die Manipulation des Boden-pH-Wertes nicht notwendigerweise durch Veränderung der Bioverfügbarkeit von Eisen erfolgt. Der Bedarf an Eisen wurde anhand der Expression zweier Gene (rnr1 und rnr2) weiter untersucht. Diese Gene kodieren die Ribonukleotid-Reduktase (RNR), d.h. das Enzym, welches das Zellwachstum durch DNA-Synthese kontrolliert. Die Expression von rnr2 wurde bei Chlamydosporen unter Eisenmangel signifikant stärker induziert als in der Kontrolle. Die vierte Studie dieser Arbeit untersuchte die Produktion mikrobieller, eisen-absondernden Metaboliten (Siderophoren) als möglichen Mechanismus, der dem Eisenmangel entgegenwirkt. Es wurde im Speziellen gezeigt, dass Ferrichrom, eine Hydroxamat-Siderophore, ausschließlich im Mycel von Kulturen mit Eisenmangel synthestisiert wurde und somit eine de novo Biosysnthese nahelegt. Darüber hinaus wurden auch Aminosäure-Vorstufen für die Siderophoren-Biosynthese (Ornithin, Arginin) durch Eisenmangel verändert. Insgesamt erweitert diese Doktorarbeit das grundlegende Verständnis der Biologie und Ökologie von Foc TR4 und liefert somit eine Grundlage für die Nutzung des Potenzials zur Manipulation der Rhizosphäre für das Management der Fusarium-Welke

    Qualidade da madeira de Pinus taeda L. para a produção de painéis de madeira lamelada colada cruzada (MLCC)

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    Orientador: Prof. Dr. Setsuo IwakiriCoorientador(a): Prof(a). Dr(a). Rosilani Trianoski e Prof. Dr. Rodrigo Figueiredo TerezoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Florestal. Defesa : Curitiba, 24/03/2023Inclui referênciasResumo: A Madeira Lamelada Colada Cruzada (MLCC) é um produto produzido com madeira serrada, capaz de suprir a demanda por produtos de construções sustentáveis com zero emissão de carbono, por isso, sua produção tem aumentado no mundo. Grande parte da MLCC é produzido na Europa e usa madeiras provenientes de lento crescimento. O presente estudo foi executado considerando a capacidade do Sul do Brasil de disponibilizar madeiras de coníferas de rápido crescimento no mercado e à dificuldade de se obter madeiras com qualidade estrutural. A qualidade da madeira de Pinus taeda L. foi avaliada para a produção de MLCC com base na classificação visual e mecânica e a quantidade de lenho juvenil (LJ) e adultos (LA) em três sortimentos (A, B e C) com distintos diâmetros. Inicialmente, avaliou-se as tábuas (n=1056) quanto a sua área de LJ e LA, rigidez à flexão (MOE) e densidade. Definiu-se o rendimento com base nas variáveis citadas nos três sortimentos. Em seguida, correlações e modelos de regressão linear múltipla foram modelados entre as variáveis para estimar a quantidade de área mínima dos LJ e LA presentes em tábuas classificadas como estruturais, de acordo com as classes de resistência das normas brasileira e europeia. Por último, quatro tratamentos (T1, T2, T3 e T4) de painéis MLCC com três camadas foram confeccionados com as tábuas classificadas na primeira parte. Os painéis foram avaliados em tamanho estrutural no teste de flexão não destrutiva para obter o MOE e corpos de prova foram extraídos para avaliar a resistência e rigidez à flexão e compressão paralela ao plano do painel, flexão e compressão perpendicular ao plano e cisalhamento de rolamento. Os resultados indicaram que as tábuas estruturais podem ter a presença de em média 40% de LJ, desde que seja superior a 6 anos de idade. Para obter tábuas com classe estrutural C24 (11.000 MPa), as toras tinham no mínimo de 24 anos, para as tábuas classe C14 (7.000 Mpa), o mínimo foi de 18 anos. Os sortimentos de menor diâmetro não proporcionaram grandes quantidades de tábuas com classe acima da C14. O MOE foi a propriedade mais eficiente para classificar as tábuas e painéis pelas normas. O T2 e T3 tiveram os melhores desempenhos, sendo que suas propriedades mecânicas foram iguais ou superiores aos valores declarados por produtores europeus. No geral, os valores das resistências dos painéis foram até 80% maiores aos valores declarados por produtores europeus. O Pinus taeda proveniente de sortimentos de maiores diâmetros apresentou potencial para ser enquadrado nas classes de resistência mais altas da norma europeia. Devido ao rápido crescimento da espécie e ao bom desempenho na MLCC observado neste estudo, notou-se uma grande oportunidade para competir no mercado internacional de produtos estruturais.Abstract: Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) is a product fabricated with wooden boards, capable of meeting the demand for sustainable construction products with zero carbon emissions, and therefore, its production has increased worldwide. Much of the CLT is produced in Europe and uses slow-growing wood. This study was carried out considering the capacity of Southern Brazil to provide fast-growing softwoods in the market and the difficulty of obtaining timber with structural quality. The quality of Pinus taeda L. wood was assessed for the production of CLT based on visual and mechanical classification, and the amount of juvenile (JW) and adult (AW) wood in three assortments (A, B and C) with different diameters. Initially, the boards (n=1056) were evaluated for their JW and AW area, bending stiffness (MOE) and density. Yield was defined based on the variables mentioned, in the three assortments. Next, correlations and multiple linear regression models were modeled between the variables to estimate the amount of minimum area of the JW and AW present in boards classified as structural, according to the strength classes of the Brazilian and European standards. Finally, four treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4) of three-layer CLT panels were made with the boards classified in the first part. The panels were evaluated in structural size in the non-destructive bending test to obtain the MOE, and samples were extracted to evaluate the strength and stiffness of bending and compression parallel to the panel plane, bending and compression perpendicular to the plane and rolling shear. The results indicated that the structural boards may have the presence of an average of 40% of JW, as long as they are older than six years of age. To obtain a board class C24 (11,000 MPa), the logs were at least 24 years old, for a board class C14 (7,000 MPa), the minimum was 18 years. The smaller diameter assortments did not provide large quantities of boards with the class above C14. MOE was the most efficient property to classify boards and panels by standards. T2 and T3 had the best performances, and their mechanical properties were equal to or greater than the values declared by European producers. Overall, the strength values of the panels were up to 80% higher than the values declared by European producers. Pinus taeda from assortments of larger diameters had the potential to be included in the higher strength classes of the European standard. Due to the fast growth of the species and the good performance in the CLT observed in this study, there was a great opportunity to compete in the international market for structural products
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