EFEKTIVITAS KOMBINASI DL-αTOKOFEROL DAN ASAM ASKORBAT TERHADAP KADAR LDL-OX, sCD36, sVCAM-1 DAN NO PADA ANAK SINDROM NEFROTIK

Latar Belakang: Stres oksidatif, disfungsi endotel dan inflamasi mendasari proses aterosklerosis pada anak sindrom nefrotik (SN). Kombinasi dl-α-tokoferol dan asam askorbat berpotensi menurunkan proses stress oksidatif dan disfungsi endotel banyak diteliti pada orang dewasa namun terbatas pada anak SN. Tujuan: Membuktikan pengaruh pemberian kombinasi dl-α-tokoferol dan asam askorbat terhadap Δ kadar LDL-ox sebagai marker stress oksidatif, reseptor makrofag sCD36, sVCAM-1 dan NO sebagai biomarker disfungsi endotel pada anak SN usia 1 – 15 tahun. Metode: Randomized pre test-post test control group design dilakukan pada anak SN usia 1- 15 tahun selama 12 minggu. Kelompok perlakuan diberi obat standar (prednison dosis penuh) dan kombinasi dl-α-tokoferol 10-15 mg /kg/hari & asam askorbat dengan dosis sama, dibagi 2 dosis secara oral. Kelompok kontrol menerima obat standar dan plasebo. Variabel LDL-ox, sCD36, sVCAM-1 diperiksa secara ELISA, NO secara kolorimetri. Analisis statistik digunakan uji Wilcoxon, uji t tidak berpasangan/Mann-Whitney U. Hasil: Rerata pretest-posttest kelompok perlakuan kadar LDL-ox (127,2 menjadi 89,5 U/L); sVCAM-1:(929,4 menjadi 868,4ng/mL); NO: (8,9 menjadi 8,5μM/L) menurun. Kadar sCD36 (72,5 menjadi 123,5 ng/mL) meningkat. Kelompok kontrol: LDL-ox (125,2 menjadi 76,7 U/L), sVCAM-1(1231,2 menjadi 1008,0 ng/mL), NO (8,2 menjadi 7,9μM) menurun,. sCD36(56,9 menjadi 61,7ng/mL) meningkat. Uji Wilcoxon kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol berturut-turut kadar LDL-ox p =0,039 dan 0,001, kadar sCD36 : p=0,163 & 0,088, sVCAM-1: p=0,306 & 0,122 dan NO: p=0,983 & 0,760. Δ LDL-ox -37.7 vs - 48.6U / L ; Δ sCD36: 51.1vs 17,2ng / mL; Δ sVCAM-1: -61.0 vs –223ng /mL ; ΔNO -0.4 vs- 0.6 mg/dL dengan uji beda berturut-turut p = 0,594; 0,327; 0,883; 0,864. Berdasarkan status remisi, uji beda kadar LDL-ox, Δ kadar LDL-ox dan kadar sVCAM-1 post test pada kelompok perlakuan berbeda bermakna dengan p=0,016; 0,047 dan 0,000. Kesimpulan: Pemberian kombinasi dl-α-tokoferol dan asam askorbat dosis 10-15 mg/kgBB/hari selama 12 minggu efektif menurunkan kadar stres oksidatif dan disfungsi endotel pada kelompok perlakuan yang remisi, tetapi tidak efektif terhadap Δ kadar LDL-ox, Δ sCD36, Δ sVCAM-1 dan Δ NO di antara dua kelompok. Kata kunci: Sindrom nefrotik, anti oksidan, stress oksidatif, disfungsi endotel Background: Oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and inflammation contribute to early atherosclerosis process in neprotic syndrome (NS). Administration of combination dl-α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid are potential in decreasing oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, investigated in adult but not yet in children. Objective: To prove that combined supplementation of dl-α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid on serum levels of oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), soluble scavenger receptor of macrophage CD36(sCD36), soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule (sVCAM-1) and nitric oxide (NO) level in NS of 1- 15 years old. Methods: A randomized pre test–post test control group design was done for 12 weeks. Treatment group was given standard therapy and dl-α-tocopherol 10 -15 mg/kgBW/day plus ascorbic acid in the same dose, twice daily orally. Control group was given steroid therapy (standard) and placebo. Serum level of ox-LDL, sCD36, sVCAM-1 were measured by ELISA and NO by colorimetri. Analysis was done by Wilcoxon, independent t test or Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The mean level of pre and posttest of ox-LDL (127.2 to 89.5 U/L), sVCAM-1(929.4 to 868.4 ng/mL) and NO (8.9 to 8.5 μM/L) were decreased, but the level of sCD36 (72.5 to 123.5 ng/mL) increased in the treatment group. In control group, the mean level of ox-LDL(125.2 to 76.7 U/L), sVCAM-1(1231.2 to 1008.0 ng/mL), NO ( 8.2 to 7.9 μM) were decreased, but sCD36 (56.9-61.7 ng/mL) was increased. The Wilcoxon test of ox-LDL levels showed p :0.039 in treatment group and p=0.001 in control group. P value in treatment and control group of sCD36 levels were 0.163 and 0.088; sVCAM-1 levels p value = 0.306 & 0.122 and NO levels were p value =0.983 and 0.760. The Δ level of ox-LDL on treatment group compared to control was -37.7vs - 48.6U/L ; Δ sCD36: 51.1vs 17.2ng/mL; Δ sVCAM-1: -61.0 vs –223ng/mL ; Δ NO: -0.4 vs -0.6mg/dL. P value of Δ ox-LDL, ΔsVCAM-1, Δ sCD36 , ΔNO were 0.594, 0.327, 0.883, 0.864, respectively. According to remission state at the end of the study p value level of ox-LDL, Δ ox-LDL and level of sVCAM-1 in treatment group were 0,016; 0,047 and 0,000 respectively. Conclusions: Combined supplementation of dl-α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid 10 –15 mg/kgBW/day for 12 weeks decreased of stress oxidative and endothelial disfunction biomarker in remission state of the treatment group but did not effective to decrease level of Δ ox-LDL, Δ sCD36, Δ sVCAM –1 and Δ NO between two groups. Keywords: Nephrotic syndrome, antioxidant, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunctio

Observation of ηc→ωω\eta_c\to\omega\omega in J/ψ→γωωJ/\psi\to\gamma\omega\omega

Using a sample of $(1310.6\pm7.0)\times10^6$ $J/\psi$ events recorded with the BESIII detector at the symmetric electron positron collider BEPCII, we report the observation of the decay of the $(1^1 S_0)$ charmonium state $\eta_c$ into a pair of $\omega$ mesons in the process $J/\psi\to\gamma\omega\omega$. The branching fraction is measured for the first time to be $\mathcal{B}(\eta_c\to\omega\omega)= (2.88\pm0.10\pm0.46\pm0.68)\times10^{-3}$, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the third is from the uncertainty of $\mathcal{B}(J/\psi\to\gamma\eta_c)$. The mass and width of the $\eta_c$ are determined as $M=(2985.9\pm0.7\pm2.1)\,$MeV/$c^2$ and $\Gamma=(33.8\pm1.6\pm4.1)\,$MeV.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figure

On the minimization of Dirichlet eigenvalues

Results are obtained for two minimization problems: $$I_k(c)=\inf \{\lambda_k(\Omega): \Omega\ \textup{open, convex in}\ \mathbb{R}^m,\ \mathcal{T}(\Omega)= c \},$$ and $$J_k(c)=\inf\{\lambda_k(\Omega): \Omega\ \textup{quasi-open in}\ \mathbb{R}^m, |\Omega|\le 1, \mathcal {P}(\Omega)\le c \},$$ where $c>0$, $\lambda_k(\Omega)$ is the $k$'th eigenvalue of the Dirichlet Laplacian acting in $L^2(\Omega)$, $|\Omega|$ denotes the Lebesgue measure of $\Omega$, $\mathcal{P}(\Omega)$ denotes the perimeter of $\Omega$, and where $\mathcal{T}$ is in a suitable class set functions. The latter include for example the perimeter of $\Omega$, and the moment of inertia of $\Omega$ with respect to its center of mass.Comment: 15 page

Maximal subsemigroups of the semigroup of all mappings on an infinite set

In this paper we classify the maximal subsemigroups of the \emph{full transformation semigroup} $\Omega^\Omega$, which consists of all mappings on the infinite set $\Omega$, containing certain subgroups of the symmetric group \sym(\Omega) on $\Omega$. In 1965 Gavrilov showed that there are five maximal subsemigroups of $\Omega^\Omega$ containing \sym(\Omega) when $\Omega$ is countable and in 2005 Pinsker extended Gavrilov's result to sets of arbitrary cardinality. We classify the maximal subsemigroups of $\Omega^\Omega$ on a set $\Omega$ of arbitrary infinite cardinality containing one of the following subgroups of \sym(\Omega): the pointwise stabiliser of a non-empty finite subset of $\Omega$, the stabiliser of an ultrafilter on $\Omega$, or the stabiliser of a partition of $\Omega$ into finitely many subsets of equal cardinality. If $G$ is any of these subgroups, then we deduce a characterisation of the mappings $f,g\in \Omega^\Omega$ such that the semigroup generated by $G\cup \{f,g\}$ equals $\Omega^\Omega$.Comment: Revised according to comments by the referee, 29 pages, 11 figures, to appear in Trans. American Mathematical Societ

Disjoint Infinity-Borel Functions

This is a followup to a paper by the author where the disjointness relation for definable functions from ${^\omega \omega}$ to ${^\omega \omega}$ is analyzed. In that paper, for each $a \in {^\omega \omega}$ we defined a Baire class one function $f_a : {^\omega \omega} \to {^\omega \omega}$ which encoded $a$ in a certain sense. Given $g : {^\omega \omega} \to {^\omega \omega}$, let $\Psi(g)$ be the statement that $g$ is disjoint from at most countably many of the functions $f_a$. We show the consistency strength of $(\forall g)\, \Psi(g)$ is that of an inaccessible cardinal. We show that $\textrm{AD}^+$ implies $(\forall g)\, \Psi(g)$. Finally, we show that assuming large cardinals, $(\forall g)\, \Psi(g)$ holds in models of the form $L(\mathbb{R})[\mathcal{U}]$ where $\mathcal{U}$ is a selective ultrafilter on $\omega$.Comment: 16 page

The geometrical quantity in damped wave equations on a square

The energy in a square membrane $\Omega$ subject to constant viscous damping on a subset $\omega\subset \Omega$ decays exponentially in time as soon as $\omega$ satisfies a geometrical condition known as the "Bardos-Lebeau-Rauch" condition. The rate $\tau(\omega)$ of this decay satisfies $\tau(\omega)= 2 \min(-\mu(\omega), g(\omega))$ (see Lebeau [Math. Phys. Stud. 19 (1996) 73-109]). Here $\mu(\omega)$ denotes the spectral abscissa of the damped wave equation operator and $g(\omega)$ is a number called the geometrical quantity of $\omega$ and defined as follows. A ray in $\Omega$ is the trajectory generated by the free motion of a mass-point in $\Omega$ subject to elastic reflections on the boundary. These reflections obey the law of geometrical optics. The geometrical quantity $g(\omega)$ is then defined as the upper limit (large time asymptotics) of the average trajectory length. We give here an algorithm to compute explicitly $g(\omega)$ when $\omega$ is a finite union of squares

Markov uniqueness of degenerate elliptic operators

Let $\Omega$ be an open subset of \Ri^d and $H_\Omega=-\sum^d_{i,j=1}\partial_i c_{ij} \partial_j$ a second-order partial differential operator on $L_2(\Omega)$ with domain $C_c^\infty(\Omega)$ where the coefficients $c_{ij}\in W^{1,\infty}(\Omega)$ are real symmetric and $C=(c_{ij})$ is a strictly positive-definite matrix over $\Omega$. In particular, $H_\Omega$ is locally strongly elliptic. We analyze the submarkovian extensions of $H_\Omega$, i.e. the self-adjoint extensions which generate submarkovian semigroups. Our main result establishes that $H_\Omega$ is Markov unique, i.e. it has a unique submarkovian extension, if and only if \capp_\Omega(\partial\Omega)=0 where \capp_\Omega(\partial\Omega) is the capacity of the boundary of $\Omega$ measured with respect to $H_\Omega$. The second main result establishes that Markov uniqueness of $H_\Omega$ is equivalent to the semigroup generated by the Friedrichs extension of $H_\Omega$ being conservative.Comment: 24 page