Ocular Anatomy

Exam paper for first semester 201

The ocular anatomy coloring book

Author Abbie M. Jordan combined her visual learning style with a love of anatomy to incorporate this study tool useful for optometry students. With the guidance of Dr. Lee Ann Remington the pair has written, drawn, and edited two editions of The Ocular Anatomy Coloring Book. This book illustrates a combination of anatomical structures and creative shapes involved in the study of vision. It is intended to be used as a fun and abstract visual tool to facilitate primary learning of the ocular system and its components. As an accompaniment to ocular anatomy texts and lectures, this book should help to form a mental picture ofthe many interconnections and relationships of anatomical structures. During the first year of distribution, 2001, the book was used by 50 members of the Class of 2004 at Pacific University College of Optometry and 25 members of the Class of 2005. With minor editing and corrections a second edition was produced and distributed to 47 students of the class of 2006. Alterations for the 2nd edition included some grammatical and spelling changes, as well as some drawing simplifications and additions. After the completion of the 2003 Ocular Anatomy course at PUCO a survey and questionnaire was given to all those that had purchased the book. Results of this survey are included in the following attachments. As shown, 97% of the students commented that they would recommend the book to incoming first year optometry students and 83% agreed the book helped them to learn ocular anatomy. Students were also asked to make comments and suggestions for the book, which are included in attachment three. The general consensus and conclusion was that the book attained its goal of helping optometry students better learn ocular anatomy. Students found it both \u27simplifying\u27 and \u27helpful\u27 with one student writing the book helped them to get visual idea of the structures which is a good mental \u27picture\u27 to refer to when studying. The Ocular Anatomy Coloring Book will continue to be available for all incoming optometry students at PUCO. Professional publication is currently in the works to make the book available to other optometry schools across the country

Ocular anatomy in medieval arabic medicine. A review

In medieval Arabic medicine Ophthalmology had a central role. Ocular anatomy was described in many ophthalmological treatises of the physicians of the time. These physicians followed the doctrines of Galen according ocular anatomy, nevertheless their contribution to the history of ocular anatomy was the presentation of ocular anatomical sketches in their manuscripts for the fist time in medical history

Ocular anatomy histology Powerpoint presentation

This project is a digital photo representation of ocular histology slides, chosen to represent the basic ocular anatomy course as taught at Pacific University College of Optometry. The purpose of this project is to facilitate the study of ocular histology without requiring access to a microscope and histology slides, or to an internet connection. This Microsoft Powerpoint presentation was prepared by topic using digital photos of the ocular histology slides at Pacific University. These photos were taken through the microscope with a four megapixil Olympus digital camera. Multiple photos were taken of each view of interest, and the best representations of given areas were included in the powerpoint presentation. Many of the photos were of sufficient quality that they were requested for use by Dr. Lee Ann Remington O.D .. Twenty-nine of the images were reproduced in the second edition (2005) ofher textbook: Clinical Anatomy of the Visual System. The series of powerpoint presentations, in their varying forms of evolution, have been freely available to students and faculty at Pacific University over the past two years through access to the College of Optometry Web-based server, Victoria. I have received feedback from several first year students. The program was used to assist their study of the laboratory portion of the ocular anatomy course at Pacific University. Those who used the program particularly liked the formatting and accessibility of the images. They were able to view and print the images while studying on personal computers. I have received other feedback noting the convenience of being able to make a single download and having the information on hand, particularly from students without internet access at home. While appreciated by the target audience for which the program was intended, there have been several critiques that the project is redundant. The information provided is viewed in the laboratory portion of the anatomy course, or available through several optometric and ophthalmologic university websites or publications. While this is true, it doesn\u27t take into consideration the benefit to the projected users of the program; namely the ability to study regardless of microscope access or internet availability. Also to be considered is that several of the images are now available in Dr. Remington\u27s new textbook, however I view this as an endorsement rather than a detraction from this thesis project

Giovanni Battista Della Porta’s (1535?-1615) study on ocular anatomy

Giovanni Battista Della Porta (1535?-1615) was a polymath who dealt with many scientific fields. Among his studies very important are those concerning optics and the physiology of vision. Due to his interest in optics it was inevitable to deal also with ocular anatomy. His anatomical description of the eye gives us a lot of information about the development of the knowledge concerning ocular anatomy of his time

Effects of Blood Pressure and Intraocular Pressure on Ocular Arterial Blood Flow: Studies on in vitro Models

Placed in 1st Place in the category of Cell Biology and Physiology, Denman ForumGlaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness around the world. Diagnosis of this disease often occurs after the detection of noticeable symptoms, by which point irreversible damage has already been incurred. Glaucoma develops when stress factors induce retinal ganglion cell death, resulting in vision loss. In particular, prolonged reduction in blood flow into the eye may lead to ocular tissue malnutrition and hypoxia, eventually leading to cell death. The posterior ciliary arteries are the main blood supply to the optic nerve head, where glaucoma damages occur first. These arteries traverse the posterior peripapillary sclera to penetrate the eye. This study aims to investigate the effects that different combinations of intraocular pressure, blood pressure, and scleral stiffness have on blood flow of in vitro posterior ciliary artery models. To perform this study, a modeling system of the peripapillary sclera was developed. A number of different polymers (including agarose, polydimethylsiloxane, and industrial TC-5005 gels) were explored to model scleral tissues with various compressive moduli. Multiple models of industrial TC-5005 and agarose were made to mimic sclera of increasing stiffness. The polymers were molded and cured into wall-less vessels and placed into a perfusion chamber where pressure was separately applied to the outside (intraocular) and inside (blood) the vessel at different combinations. Five models of stiffness ranging from 30 – 415 kPa were fabricated for flow tests. The resulting change in fluid flow rate was recorded to determine the combinatory effects of the two pressures through these phantoms. It was found that across all combinations of pressures, the fluid flow would initially increase with stiffness, then upon reaching ~60 kPa achieve a maximum flow. For models much stiffer than 60 kPa, a significant decrease in fluid flow as much as 87% was observed. The initial increase in fluid flow from 30 to 60 kPa may be evidence of the protective effects of scleral stiffening predicted in previous research. This study represents a first step in understanding the potential impacts of the scleral compressive modulus on the fluid flow rate under biological effects by IOP and BP, supporting the hypothesis that sclera stiffness may play an important role in glaucomatous development.Research is partially supported by NIHRO1EY020929A one-year embargo was granted for this item.Academic Major: Biomedical Engineerin

Patología ocular en reptiles

En este este artículo se presentan las particularidades anatómicas y fisiológicas, los principales métodos de exploración oftalmológica, así como las patologías oculares de presentación más frecuente en los reptiles mantenidos en cautividad. Asimismo, se abordarán las condiciones de manejo a que son sometidas estas especies y que son responsables, en muchos casos, de afecciones oculares específicas.This paper describes the specific ocular anatomy, physiology and the most common ocular disorders seen in captive reptiles. Ophthalmic diagnostic procedures are also described in detail. The effects of incorrect nutrition and management are discussed as cause of ocular disease in reptiles

Initial Findings on Visual Acuity Thresholds in an African Elephant (\u3cem\u3eLoxodonta africana\u3c/em\u3e)

There are only a few published examinations of elephant visual acuity. All involved Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and found visual acuity to be between 8′ and 11′ of arc for a stimulus near the tip of the trunk, equivalent to a 0.50 cm gap, at a distance of about 2 m from the eyes. We predicted that African elephants (Loxodonta africana) would have similarly high visual acuity, necessary to facilitate eye-trunk coordination for feeding, drinking and social interactions. When tested on a discrimination task using Landolt-C stimuli, one African elephant cow demonstrated a visual acuity of 48′ of arc. This represents the ability to discriminate a gap as small as 2.75 cm in a stimulus 196 cm from the eye. This single-subject study provides a preliminary estimate of the visual acuity of African elephants

Designing an optometric curriculum

This project will design an optometric curriculum for a theoretical college of optometry. The curriculum will be constructed from a students point of view while conforming to real world limitations

Anatomy of the visual system education curriculum for grades K-3

The Anatomy of the Visual System Education Curriculum for Grades K-3 was developed for educators teaching kindergarten through third grade. Currently, early grade school curriculums have limited educational material available for elementary teachers relating to the visual system. This project was designed to provide material to elementary instructors as a way of introducing the visual system to children. The project consists of ten lesson plans ranging from basic ocular anatomy to function of the visual system. Each lesson includes activities such as art, reading, and writing and is designed to last 20-30 minutes