New Efficient Spatial Index Structures, PML-Tree and SMR-Tree, for Spatial Databases

Computer Scienc

User defined spatial business rules: storage, management and implementation — a pipe network case study

Please note that this is a searchable PDF derived via optical character recognition (OCR) from the original source document. As the OCR process is never 100% perfect, there may be some discrepancies between the document image and the underlying text.The application of business rules as a means of ensuring data quality is an accepted approach in information systems development. Rules, defined by the user, are stored and manipulated by a repository or data dictionary. The repository stores the system design, including rules which result from constraints in the user's environment, and enforces these rules at runtime. The work presented here represents the application of this approach to spatial information system design using an integrated spatial software engineering tool (ISSET) with a repository at its core.UnpublishedChadwick, A. (1995). "An Architecture to support business rules in custom GIS applications". In Proceedings: 18th AM/FM Interrmtional Conference, 1047-1058. Cockcroft, S. (1996a). "First Experiences in Implementing a Spatial Metadata Repository", In Proceedings: Ist International Conference on Geocomputation, Leeds UK: R. J. Abrahart (Ed), University of Leeds. 111-120. Cockcroft, S. (1996b). Towards the Automatic Enforcement of Integrity Rules in Spatial Database Systems". In Proceedings: SIRC ’96: Proceedings of the 8th Annual Colloquium of the Spatial Information Research Centre, University of Otago: R. T. Pascoe, N. C. Sutherland, & P. Gorman (Ed), University of Otago. 33-42. Cockcroft, S. (1996c). The use of a metadata repository in spatial database development (96/02). Otago University Working Paper Series. Cockcroft, S. (1997). "A Taxonomy of Spatial Data Integrity Constraints", Geoinformatica, 1(4), 327543. Cockcroft, S. (1998). "Spatial data quality control through the use of an active repository". In Proceedings: Third International Conference on GeoComputation, Bristol, UK: Collins. (1997). Collins Pipe & Supply Co., Inc. Provider of Pipe, Valves and Fittings http://www.collinspipe.com/inside.htm , Accessed July 31st 1998 Date, C. (1990). "A contribution to the study of database integrity". In Relational Database Writings 1985-1989, (pp. 185-215), Saratoga: Addison Wesley. Egenhofer, M. J., & Al-Taha, K. A. (1992). "Reasoning about gradual changes of topological re1ationships". In GIS, Front space to territory, theories and methods of spatio-temporal reasoning in geographic space, Lecture notes in Computer Science, (vol. 639, pp. 196-219), A. Frank, I. Campari, & U. Formentini (Ed), New York: Springer Verlag. Egenhofer, M. J., & Franzosa, R. D. (1991). "Point-set Topological Re1ations", International journal of geographical Information Systems,5(2), 161-174. FGDC (1994). Content standards for digital Geospatial Metadata . Federal Geographic Data Committee. Firns, P. G. (1994). "An Extended Entity Relationship Model Applicable to the design of Spatially Referenced Databases", Ph.D. Thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. Frey Water Engineering, I. (1996). Seaford Rise Development, Zone 126 GA Optimization Study http://www.mcs.com/~jfrey/seafd126.htm, Frey Water Engineering, Inc. Accessed 31 July, 1998. Günther, O., & Lamberts, J. (1994). "Object-oriented Techniques for the Management of Geographic and Environmental Data", The Computer Journal, 37(1), 16-25. Hadzilacos, T., & Tryfona, N. (1992). " A model for expressing topological integrity constraints in geographic databases". In Proceedings: Theories and Models of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space. International Conference GIS - From Space to Territory., Pisa , Italy: A. U. Frank, I. Campari, & U. Formentini (Ed.), 252-68. Inddex. (1998). Industrial Equipment Search http://www.inddex.com/english/home.html. Accessed 31 July, 1998. JJValve. (1998). http://www.jjyalve.com/frame.html. Accessed 31 July, 1998. Kim, W., Garza, J., & Keskin, A. (1993). "Spatial data management in database systems: research directions". In Proceedings: Advances in Spatial Databases. Third International Symposium, SSD ’93, Singapore: D. Abel, & B. C. Ooi (Ed), Springer-Verlag Berlin, Germany. 1-13. Marble, D. F. (1990). "The extended data dictionary: A critical element in building viable spatial databases". In Proceedings: 11th annual ESRI user conference Ventomat. (1997). AIR VALVE TECHNOLOGY REVIEWED http://www.ventomat.com/chap0.htm. Vent-O-Mat. Accessed 31 July, 1998

First experiences in implementing a spatial metadata repository

Part of the GeoComputation '96 Special Issue 96/25; follow the "related link" to download the entire collection as a single document.Integrated software engineering environments (ISEE) for traditional non spatial information systems are well developed, incorporating Database Management Systems (DBMS) and Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools. The core component of the ISEE is the repository. It brings all the other components together and provides a common area to which all tools can link. In this fashion it also provides a central point for control. No such facility exists for the management of spatial data. This paper describes the development of such a facility in the form of a spatial metadata repository.Unpublished1. Chadwick, A. “An Architecture to support business rules in custom GIS applications.” 18th AM/FM International Conference, 1047-1O58. 2. Cockcroft, S. “Towards The Automatic Enforcement of Integrity Rules in Spatial Database Systems.” SIRC’96: Proceedings of the 8th Annual Colloquium of the Spatial Information Research Centre, University of Otago, 33-42. 3. Cockcroft, S. l996b. “The use of a metadata repository in spatial database development.” 96/02, Otago University, Dunedin. 4. DOC. 1995. “Stewart Island Hunting Information.” 4, Department of Conservation, Te papa atawhai, New Zealand. 5. Egenhofer, M. J., and Franzosa, R. D. 1991. “Point-set Topological Relations.” International journal of geographical Information Systems, 5(2), 161-174. 6. Environmental Systems Research Institute, I. 1995. Understanding GIS : the ARC/INFO method : self study workbook : version. 7 for UNIX and OpenVMS, GeoInformation International ; Wiley, 1995., Cambridge, U.K. 7. FGDC, F. G. D. C. 1994. “Content standards for digital Geospatial Metadata.” , Federal Geographic Data Committee., Washinton, D.C. 8. Frizzell, P., and Cardno, A. “Integrating Successful Spatial Applications.” SIRC’96: Proceedings of the 8th Annual Colloquium of the Spatial Information Research Centre, University of Otago, 212-218. 9. Günther, O., and Lamberts, J. 1994. “Object-oriented Techniques for the Management of Geographic and Environmental Data.” The Computer Journal, 37 (1), 16-25. 10.Günther, O., and Riekart, W.-F. 1993. “The design of GODOT: An Object-Oriented Geographic Information System.” IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin, 16(3), 1-6. 11.Hadzilacos, T., and Tryfona, N. 1994. “Logical data modelling for geographic applications.” TR-94.01.1, Computer Technology Institute, Patras, Greece, Patras, Greece. 12.Henderson, D., and Soon, S. “Extending GIS to practical applications in a utility business.” Conference on managing Geographic Information Systems for success, Melbourne, Australia, 112-115. 13.Henderson, M. M. 1987. “The importance of data administration in information managemend.” Information Management Review, 2(4), 41-47. 14.Jones, C., and Luo, L. “Hierarchies and objects in a deductive spatial database.” Advances in GIS research: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on spatial data handling, 589-603. 15.Long, M., and Barthelmeh, M. “Some Implications of GIS Software Choice.” SIRC’96: Proceedings of the 8th Annual Colloquium of the Spatial Information Research Centre, University of Otago, 203-211. 16.Luo, L., and Jones, C. 1995. “A deductive database model for GIS.” Innovations in GIS 2, P. Fisherq, ed., Taylor and Francis, 33-42. 17.Marble, D. F. “The extended data dictionary: A critical element in building viable spatial databases.” 11th annual ESRI user conference. 18.Medeiros, C. B., and Pires, F. 1994. “Databases for GIS.” ACM SIGMOD record, 23(1), 107-115. 19.Medyckyj-scott, D., Cuthbertson, M., and Newman, I. 1996. “Discovering environmental data: metadatabases, network information, resource tools and the GENIE system.” International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 10(1), 65-84. 20.Milne, P. 1993. “Geographical object oriented databases - a case study.” International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 7(1), 39-55. 21.Oracle. 1995. “Oracle7 MultiDimension™ Advances in Relational Database Technology for spatial Data Management.” 22.Phare, R. “Accessible GIS for Management and End Users.” Conference on managing Geographic Information Systems for success, Melbourne, Australia, 76-81. 23.Stefanakis, E. and Sellis, T. “A DBMS repository for the Application Domain of Geographic Information Systems.” 7th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling (SDH ’96), Delft, The Netherlands. 24.Stonebraker, and Kemnitz, G. 1991. “The Postgres next-generation database management system.” Communications of the ACM, 34(10), 78-92. 25.Worboys, M. F. 1994. “Object-Oriented Approaches to Geo-Referenced Information.” International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 8(4), 385-399. 26.Yearsley, C., Worboys, M., Story, P., Jayawardena, P., and Bofakos, P.1994. “Computational support for spatial information systems: models and algorithms.” Inovations in GIS - Selected papers from the First National Conference on GIS Research UK, M. Worboys, ed., Taylor & Francis, Keele, 75-88

First experiences in implementing a spatial metadata repository

Part of the GeoComputation '96 Special Issue 96/25; follow the "related link" to download the entire collection as a single document.Integrated software engineering environments (ISEE) for traditional non spatial information systems are well developed, incorporating Database Management Systems (DBMS) and Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools. The core component of the ISEE is the repository. It brings all the other components together and provides a common area to which all tools can link. In this fashion it also provides a central point for control. No such facility exists for the management of spatial data. This paper describes the development of such a facility in the form of a spatial metadata repository.Unpublished1. Chadwick, A. “An Architecture to support business rules in custom GIS applications.” 18th AM/FM International Conference, 1047-1O58. 2. Cockcroft, S. “Towards The Automatic Enforcement of Integrity Rules in Spatial Database Systems.” SIRC’96: Proceedings of the 8th Annual Colloquium of the Spatial Information Research Centre, University of Otago, 33-42. 3. Cockcroft, S. l996b. “The use of a metadata repository in spatial database development.” 96/02, Otago University, Dunedin. 4. DOC. 1995. “Stewart Island Hunting Information.” 4, Department of Conservation, Te papa atawhai, New Zealand. 5. Egenhofer, M. J., and Franzosa, R. D. 1991. “Point-set Topological Relations.” International journal of geographical Information Systems, 5(2), 161-174. 6. Environmental Systems Research Institute, I. 1995. Understanding GIS : the ARC/INFO method : self study workbook : version. 7 for UNIX and OpenVMS, GeoInformation International ; Wiley, 1995., Cambridge, U.K. 7. FGDC, F. G. D. C. 1994. “Content standards for digital Geospatial Metadata.” , Federal Geographic Data Committee., Washinton, D.C. 8. Frizzell, P., and Cardno, A. “Integrating Successful Spatial Applications.” SIRC’96: Proceedings of the 8th Annual Colloquium of the Spatial Information Research Centre, University of Otago, 212-218. 9. Günther, O., and Lamberts, J. 1994. “Object-oriented Techniques for the Management of Geographic and Environmental Data.” The Computer Journal, 37 (1), 16-25. 10.Günther, O., and Riekart, W.-F. 1993. “The design of GODOT: An Object-Oriented Geographic Information System.” IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin, 16(3), 1-6. 11.Hadzilacos, T., and Tryfona, N. 1994. “Logical data modelling for geographic applications.” TR-94.01.1, Computer Technology Institute, Patras, Greece, Patras, Greece. 12.Henderson, D., and Soon, S. “Extending GIS to practical applications in a utility business.” Conference on managing Geographic Information Systems for success, Melbourne, Australia, 112-115. 13.Henderson, M. M. 1987. “The importance of data administration in information managemend.” Information Management Review, 2(4), 41-47. 14.Jones, C., and Luo, L. “Hierarchies and objects in a deductive spatial database.” Advances in GIS research: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on spatial data handling, 589-603. 15.Long, M., and Barthelmeh, M. “Some Implications of GIS Software Choice.” SIRC’96: Proceedings of the 8th Annual Colloquium of the Spatial Information Research Centre, University of Otago, 203-211. 16.Luo, L., and Jones, C. 1995. “A deductive database model for GIS.” Innovations in GIS 2, P. Fisherq, ed., Taylor and Francis, 33-42. 17.Marble, D. F. “The extended data dictionary: A critical element in building viable spatial databases.” 11th annual ESRI user conference. 18.Medeiros, C. B., and Pires, F. 1994. “Databases for GIS.” ACM SIGMOD record, 23(1), 107-115. 19.Medyckyj-scott, D., Cuthbertson, M., and Newman, I. 1996. “Discovering environmental data: metadatabases, network information, resource tools and the GENIE system.” International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 10(1), 65-84. 20.Milne, P. 1993. “Geographical object oriented databases - a case study.” International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 7(1), 39-55. 21.Oracle. 1995. “Oracle7 MultiDimension™ Advances in Relational Database Technology for spatial Data Management.” 22.Phare, R. “Accessible GIS for Management and End Users.” Conference on managing Geographic Information Systems for success, Melbourne, Australia, 76-81. 23.Stefanakis, E. and Sellis, T. “A DBMS repository for the Application Domain of Geographic Information Systems.” 7th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling (SDH ’96), Delft, The Netherlands. 24.Stonebraker, and Kemnitz, G. 1991. “The Postgres next-generation database management system.” Communications of the ACM, 34(10), 78-92. 25.Worboys, M. F. 1994. “Object-Oriented Approaches to Geo-Referenced Information.” International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 8(4), 385-399. 26.Yearsley, C., Worboys, M., Story, P., Jayawardena, P., and Bofakos, P.1994. “Computational support for spatial information systems: models and algorithms.” Inovations in GIS - Selected papers from the First National Conference on GIS Research UK, M. Worboys, ed., Taylor & Francis, Keele, 75-88

A taxonomy of spatial data integrity constraints

Spatial data quality has become an issue of increasing concern to researchers and practitioners in the field of Spatial Information Systems (SIS). Clearly the results of any spatial analysis are only as good as the data on which it is based. There are a number of significant areas for data quality research in SIS. These include topological consistency; consistency between spatial and attribute data; and consistency between spatial objects' representation and their true representation on the ground. The last category may be subdivided into spatial accuracy and attribute accuracy. One approach to improving data quality is the imposition of constraints upon data entered into the database. This paper presents a taxonomy of integrity constraints as they apply to spatial database systems. Taking a cross disciplinary approach it aims to clarify some of the terms used in the database and SIS fields for data integrity management. An overview of spatial data quality concerns is given and each type of constraint is assessed regarding its approach to addressing these concerns. Some indication of an implementation method is also given for each.Unpublished1. Aronoff, S. [1989]. Geographic Information Systems: A Management Perspective. Ottawa, Canada: WDL Publications. 2. Chadwick, A. [1995]. "An Architecture to support business rules in custom GIS applications". In Proceedings: 18th AM/FM International Conference, 1047-1058. 3. Collins, F. C., & Smith, J. L. [1994]. "Taxonomy for error in GIS". In Proceedings: International symposium on spatial accuracy in Natural Resource Data Bases "Unlocking the puzzle", Williamsburg, Virginia: R. G. Congalton (Ed.), American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 1-7. 4. Congalton, R. G. [1994]. International symposium on spatial accuracy in Natural Resource Data Bases "Unlocking the puzzle". Williamsburg, Virginia: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 5. Date, C. [1990]. "A contribution to the study of database integrity". In Relational Database Writings 1985-1989, (pp. 185-215), Saratoga: Addison Wesley. 6. Egenhofer, M.J., [1994]. "Pre-processing Queries with spatial constraints", Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote sensing, 60(6), 783-790. 7. Egenhofer, M. J., & Frank, A. U. [1990]. "LOBSTER: combining AI and database technologies for GIS", Photogrammatic Engineering and Remote Sensing, 56(6), 919-26. 8. Egenhofer, M. J., & Franzosa, R. D. [1991]. "Point-set Topological Relations", International journal of geographical Information Systems, 5(2), 161-174. 9. Elmasri, R., & Navathe, S. [1994]. Fundamentals of Database Systems. Benjamin/Cummings. 10. Fahrner, C., Marx, T., & Philippi, S. [1995]. Integration of Integrity Constraints into Object Oriented database schema according to ODMG-93 (RR-9-95). University of Koblenz. 11. Firns, P. G. [1994]. "An Extended Entity Relationship Model Applicable to the design of Spatially Referenced Databases", Ph.D. Thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. 12. Günther, O., & Lamberts, J. [1994]. "Object-oriented Techniques for the Management of Geographic and Environmental Data", The Computer Journal, 37(1), 16-25. 13. Hadzilacos, T., & Tryfona, N. [1992]. " A model for expressing topological integrity constraints in geographic databases". In Proceedings: Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space. International Conference GIS - From Space to Territory., Pisa , Italy: A. U. Frank, I. Campari, & U. Formentini (Ed.), 252-68. 14.Hadzilacos, T., & Tryfona, N. [1996]. "Logical data modelling for geographic applications", International journal of Geographical Information Systems, 10(2), 179-200. 15. Hunter, G., & Beard, M. [1992]. "Understanding error in spatial databases", The Australian Surveyor, 37(2), 108-119. 16. Hunter, G. J. [1996]. "Management issues in GIS: Accuracy and Data Quality". In Proceedings: Conference on managing Geographic Information Systems for success, Melbourne, Australia: G. J. Hunter (Ed.), Aurisa. 95-101. 17. Jones, C., & Luo, L. [1994]. "Hierarchies and objects in a deductive spatial database". In Proceedings: Advances in GIS research: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on spatial data handling, R. G. Healy (Ed.), 589-603. 18. Kanellakis, P. C., Kuper, G., Revesz, P.Z. [1995]. "Constraint Query Languages", Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 51(1), 26-52. 19. Laurini, R., & Milleret-Raffort, F. [1991]. "Using integrity constraints for checking consistency of spatial databases". In Proceedings: GIS/LIS 91, Atlanta, Georgia: 634-642. 20. Luo, L., & Jones, C. [1995]. "A deductive database model for GIS". In Innovations in GIS 2, (pp. 33-42), P. Fisher (Ed.), Taylor and Francis. 21. Marble, D. F. [1990]. "The extended data dictionary: A critical element in building viable spatial databases". In Proceedings: 11th annual ESRI user conference, 22. Medeiros, C. B., & Andrade, M. J. [1994]. "Implementing Integrity Control in Active Data Bases", Journal of Systems and Software, 27, 171-181. 23. Medeiros, C. B., & Cilia, M. [1995]. "Maintenance of binary topological constraints through active databases". In Proceedings: 3rd ACM International Workshop on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, Baltimore, Maryland USA: P. Bergougnoux (Ed.), 127-133. 24. Medeiros, C. B., & Magalhaes, G. C. [1993]. Rule application in GIS - a case study (DCC-18/93). UNICAMP. 25. Smith, T., Ramakrishnan, R., & Voisard, A. [1992]. "An Object-Based Data Model and a Deductive Language for Spatio-Temporal Database Applications". In Proceedings: Proceedings of the Workshop of the BRA Esprit project ``GOODS'', M. Gambosi, Scholl, & P. Widmayer (Ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin,. 26. Stonebraker, M., & Kemnitz, G. [1991]. "The Postgres next-generation database management system", Communications of the ACM, 34(10), 78-92. 27. Ubeda, T., & Servigne, S. [1996]. "Geometric and Topological Consistency of Spatial Data". In Proceedings: 1st International Conference on Geocomputation, Leeds UK. 830-842. 28. Worboys, M. F. [1995]. GIS: A Computing Perspective. London: Taylor and Francis

A taxonomy of spatial data integrity constraints

Spatial data quality has become an issue of increasing concern to researchers and practitioners in the field of Spatial Information Systems (SIS). Clearly the results of any spatial analysis are only as good as the data on which it is based. There are a number of significant areas for data quality research in SIS. These include topological consistency; consistency between spatial and attribute data; and consistency between spatial objects' representation and their true representation on the ground. The last category may be subdivided into spatial accuracy and attribute accuracy. One approach to improving data quality is the imposition of constraints upon data entered into the database. This paper presents a taxonomy of integrity constraints as they apply to spatial database systems. Taking a cross disciplinary approach it aims to clarify some of the terms used in the database and SIS fields for data integrity management. An overview of spatial data quality concerns is given and each type of constraint is assessed regarding its approach to addressing these concerns. Some indication of an implementation method is also given for each.Unpublished1. Aronoff, S. [1989]. Geographic Information Systems: A Management Perspective. Ottawa, Canada: WDL Publications. 2. Chadwick, A. [1995]. "An Architecture to support business rules in custom GIS applications". In Proceedings: 18th AM/FM International Conference, 1047-1058. 3. Collins, F. C., & Smith, J. L. [1994]. "Taxonomy for error in GIS". In Proceedings: International symposium on spatial accuracy in Natural Resource Data Bases "Unlocking the puzzle", Williamsburg, Virginia: R. G. Congalton (Ed.), American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 1-7. 4. Congalton, R. G. [1994]. International symposium on spatial accuracy in Natural Resource Data Bases "Unlocking the puzzle". Williamsburg, Virginia: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 5. Date, C. [1990]. "A contribution to the study of database integrity". In Relational Database Writings 1985-1989, (pp. 185-215), Saratoga: Addison Wesley. 6. Egenhofer, M.J., [1994]. "Pre-processing Queries with spatial constraints", Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote sensing, 60(6), 783-790. 7. Egenhofer, M. J., & Frank, A. U. [1990]. "LOBSTER: combining AI and database technologies for GIS", Photogrammatic Engineering and Remote Sensing, 56(6), 919-26. 8. Egenhofer, M. J., & Franzosa, R. D. [1991]. "Point-set Topological Relations", International journal of geographical Information Systems, 5(2), 161-174. 9. Elmasri, R., & Navathe, S. [1994]. Fundamentals of Database Systems. Benjamin/Cummings. 10. Fahrner, C., Marx, T., & Philippi, S. [1995]. Integration of Integrity Constraints into Object Oriented database schema according to ODMG-93 (RR-9-95). University of Koblenz. 11. Firns, P. G. [1994]. "An Extended Entity Relationship Model Applicable to the design of Spatially Referenced Databases", Ph.D. Thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. 12. Günther, O., & Lamberts, J. [1994]. "Object-oriented Techniques for the Management of Geographic and Environmental Data", The Computer Journal, 37(1), 16-25. 13. Hadzilacos, T., & Tryfona, N. [1992]. " A model for expressing topological integrity constraints in geographic databases". In Proceedings: Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space. International Conference GIS - From Space to Territory., Pisa , Italy: A. U. Frank, I. Campari, & U. Formentini (Ed.), 252-68. 14.Hadzilacos, T., & Tryfona, N. [1996]. "Logical data modelling for geographic applications", International journal of Geographical Information Systems, 10(2), 179-200. 15. Hunter, G., & Beard, M. [1992]. "Understanding error in spatial databases", The Australian Surveyor, 37(2), 108-119. 16. Hunter, G. J. [1996]. "Management issues in GIS: Accuracy and Data Quality". In Proceedings: Conference on managing Geographic Information Systems for success, Melbourne, Australia: G. J. Hunter (Ed.), Aurisa. 95-101. 17. Jones, C., & Luo, L. [1994]. "Hierarchies and objects in a deductive spatial database". In Proceedings: Advances in GIS research: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on spatial data handling, R. G. Healy (Ed.), 589-603. 18. Kanellakis, P. C., Kuper, G., Revesz, P.Z. [1995]. "Constraint Query Languages", Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 51(1), 26-52. 19. Laurini, R., & Milleret-Raffort, F. [1991]. "Using integrity constraints for checking consistency of spatial databases". In Proceedings: GIS/LIS 91, Atlanta, Georgia: 634-642. 20. Luo, L., & Jones, C. [1995]. "A deductive database model for GIS". In Innovations in GIS 2, (pp. 33-42), P. Fisher (Ed.), Taylor and Francis. 21. Marble, D. F. [1990]. "The extended data dictionary: A critical element in building viable spatial databases". In Proceedings: 11th annual ESRI user conference, 22. Medeiros, C. B., & Andrade, M. J. [1994]. "Implementing Integrity Control in Active Data Bases", Journal of Systems and Software, 27, 171-181. 23. Medeiros, C. B., & Cilia, M. [1995]. "Maintenance of binary topological constraints through active databases". In Proceedings: 3rd ACM International Workshop on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, Baltimore, Maryland USA: P. Bergougnoux (Ed.), 127-133. 24. Medeiros, C. B., & Magalhaes, G. C. [1993]. Rule application in GIS - a case study (DCC-18/93). UNICAMP. 25. Smith, T., Ramakrishnan, R., & Voisard, A. [1992]. "An Object-Based Data Model and a Deductive Language for Spatio-Temporal Database Applications". In Proceedings: Proceedings of the Workshop of the BRA Esprit project ``GOODS'', M. Gambosi, Scholl, & P. Widmayer (Ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin,. 26. Stonebraker, M., & Kemnitz, G. [1991]. "The Postgres next-generation database management system", Communications of the ACM, 34(10), 78-92. 27. Ubeda, T., & Servigne, S. [1996]. "Geometric and Topological Consistency of Spatial Data". In Proceedings: 1st International Conference on Geocomputation, Leeds UK. 830-842. 28. Worboys, M. F. [1995]. GIS: A Computing Perspective. London: Taylor and Francis

The use of a metadata repository in spatial database development

Database schemas currently used to define spatial databases are deficient in that they do not incorporate facilities to specify business rules/integrity constraints. This shortcoming has been noted by Günther and Lamberts [Günther & Lamberts, 1994] who commented that geographical information systems (GIS) do not generally offer any functionality to preserve semantic integrity. It is desirable that this functionality be incorporated for reasons of consistency and so that an estimate of the accuracy of data entry can be made. Research into constraints upon spatial relationships at the conceptual level is well documented. A number of researchers have shown that the transition from conceptual to logical spatial data models is possible [Firns, 1994; Hadzilacos & Tryfona, 1995]. The algorithmic accomplishment of this transition is a subject of current research. This paper presents one approach to incorporating spatial business rules in spatially referenced database schemas by means of a repository. It is demonstrated that the repository has an important role to play in spatial data management and in particular automatic schema generation for spatially referenced databases.UnpublishedAbel, D. J., Kilby, P. J., & Davis, J. R. [1994]. "The systems integration problem", 8(1), 1-12. Aronoff, S. [1989]. Geographic Information Systems: A Management Perspective. Ottawa, Canada: WDL Publications. Benwell, G. L. [1994]. "A system development method for spatial information systems". In Proceedings: SIRC '94, Dunedin NZ: G. Benwell, & N. Sutherland (Ed.), 87-103. Calkins, H. W., & Marble, D. F. [1987]. "The transition to automated production cartography: design of the master cartographic database", The American Cartographer, 14(2), 105-119. Cheng, H., Bouziane, M., Rattner, L., & Yee, L. [1991]. "Information Resources Management in heterogeneous distributed environments: A metadatabase approach", IEEE transactions on Software Engineering., 17(6), 604-625. Chou, H.-c., & Ding, Y. [1992]. "Methodology of integrating spatial analysis/modelling and GIS". In Proceedings: International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Charleston, Carolina: Bresnahan (Ed.), 514-523. Cockcroft, S. K. S., & Firns, P. G. [1994]. "Establishing a postgraduate programme in spatial data management". In Proceedings: Fifth annual working conference on software engineering education, Dunedin, New Zealand, November 1994: M. Purvis (Ed.), IEEE computer society press. 313-318. Dutton, G. [1993]. "Pathways to Sharable Spatial Databases". In Proceedings: Auto Carto 11, Minneapolis: ACSM-ASPRS. 157-166. Egenhofer, M. J. [1994]. "Spatial SQL: a query and presentation language", IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 6(1), 86-95. Egenhofer, M. J., & Al-Taha, K. A. [1992]. "Reasoning about gradual changes of topological relationships". In GIS, From space to territory, theories and methods of spatio-temporal reasoning in geographic space, Lecture notes in Computer Science, (vol. 639, pp. 196-219), A. Frank, I. Campari, & U. Formentini (Ed.), New York: Springer Verlag. Everett, y. [1994]. "About the Klamath metadata dictionary" . Feuchtwanger, M. [1993]. "Towards a geographic sematic data model", PhD Thesis, Simon Fraser University, Canada. FGDC, F. G. D. C. [1994]. Content standards for digital Geospatial Metadata . Federal Geographic Data Committee. Firns, P. G. [1994]. "An Extended Entity Relationship Model Applicable to the design of Spatially Referenced Databases", Ph.D. Thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. Gaede, V., & O.Günther . [1995]. " Constraint-Based Query Optimization and Processing,". In Proceedings: First International Database Workshop on Constraint Database Systems (CDB'95)., Goh, P. [1988]. "Spatial database updates: A formal treatment using entity relationship diagrams", The Australian Surveyor, 34(3), 307-313. Günther, O., & Lamberts, J. [1994]. "Object-oriented Techniques for the Management of Geographic and Environmental Data", The Computer Journal, 37(1), 16-25. Günther, O., & Riekart, W.-F. [1993]. "The design of GODOT: An Object-Oriented Geographic Information System", IEEE Data engineering bulletin, 16(3), 1-6. Hadzilacos, T., & Tryfona, N. [1992]. " A model for expressing topological integrity constraints in geographic databases". In Proceedings: Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space. International Conference GIS - From Space to Territory., Pisa , Italy: A. U. Frank, I. Campari, & U. Formentini (Ed.), 252-68. Hadzilacos, T., & Tryfona, N. [1994]. Logical data modelling for geographic applications (TR-94.01.1). Computer Technology Institute, Patras, Greece. Hadzilacos, T., & Tryfona, N. [1995]. "Logical data modelling for geographic applications", International journal of Geographical Information Systems, 10(2), 179-200. Henderson, M. M. [1987]. "The importance of data administration in information management", Information Management Review, 2(4), 41-47. Hoffer, J. A., & McFadden, F. R. [1994]. Modern Database Management(4th ed.). Redwood City, CA: Benjamin/Cummings. Jordan, E., & Machesky, J. [1990]. Systems Development: Requirements, Evaluation, Design and Implementation. Boston: PWS-Kent. Kim, W., Garza, J., & Keskin, A. [1993]. "Spatial data management in database systems: research directions". In Proceedings: Advances in Spatial Databases. Third International Symposium, SSD '93, Singapore: D. Abel, & B. C. Ooi (Ed.), Springer-Verlag Berlin, Germany. 1-13. Laurini, R. [1990]. "Introduction to ER modelling for urban data management". In Proceedings: 9th International conference on the Entity Relationship approach, Lausanne, Switzerland October 1990: H. Kangassalo (Ed.), North-Holland. 475-485. Medeiros, C. B., & Pires, F. [1994]. "Databases for GIS", ACM SIGMOD record, 23(1), 107-115. Milne, P. [1993]. "Geographical object oriented databases - a case study", International Journal of Geographic Information Systems, 7(1), 39-55. Oracle. [1995]. Oracle7 MultiDimensionTM Advances in Relational Database Technology for spatial Data Management . Robinson, V. B., & Sani, A. P. [1993]. "Modeling geographic information resources for airport technical data using the information resources dictionary system (IRDS) standard", Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 17(2), 111-127. Shoshani, A. [1994]. "Experience with creating a metadatabase and a metadata browsing tool". In Proceedings: IEEE workshop on metadata for scientific and technical data management, Washington, May 1994: Star, J., & Estes, J. [1990]. Geographic Information Systems: An Introduction. Eaglewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Tannenbaum, A. [1994]. Implementing a corporate repository(First ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons. Tomlin, C. D. [1990]. "Cartographic modelling". In Geographical Information Systems: Principles and applications, (vol. 1, pp. 361-374.), D. J. Maguire, Goodchild, M. F. (Ed.), London: Longman. Wang, F., & Newkirk, R. [1988]. "An entity relationship model for Geographical Information System development". In Proceedings: ACSM-ASPRS Annual convention, St Louis, March 1988: 162-172. Worboys, M. F. [1994a]. Innovations in GIS. London: Taylor and Francis. Worboys, M. F. [1994b]. "Object-Oriented Approaches to Geo-Referenced Information", 8(4), 385-399. Worboys, M. F., Hearnshaw, H. M., & Maguire, D. J. [1990]. "Object-oriented data modelling for spatial databases", International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 4(4), 369-383

The use of a metadata repository in spatial database development

Database schemas currently used to define spatial databases are deficient in that they do not incorporate facilities to specify business rules/integrity constraints. This shortcoming has been noted by Günther and Lamberts [Günther & Lamberts, 1994] who commented that geographical information systems (GIS) do not generally offer any functionality to preserve semantic integrity. It is desirable that this functionality be incorporated for reasons of consistency and so that an estimate of the accuracy of data entry can be made. Research into constraints upon spatial relationships at the conceptual level is well documented. A number of researchers have shown that the transition from conceptual to logical spatial data models is possible [Firns, 1994; Hadzilacos & Tryfona, 1995]. The algorithmic accomplishment of this transition is a subject of current research. This paper presents one approach to incorporating spatial business rules in spatially referenced database schemas by means of a repository. It is demonstrated that the repository has an important role to play in spatial data management and in particular automatic schema generation for spatially referenced databases.UnpublishedAbel, D. J., Kilby, P. J., & Davis, J. R. [1994]. "The systems integration problem", 8(1), 1-12. Aronoff, S. [1989]. Geographic Information Systems: A Management Perspective. Ottawa, Canada: WDL Publications. Benwell, G. L. [1994]. "A system development method for spatial information systems". In Proceedings: SIRC '94, Dunedin NZ: G. Benwell, & N. Sutherland (Ed.), 87-103. Calkins, H. W., & Marble, D. F. [1987]. "The transition to automated production cartography: design of the master cartographic database", The American Cartographer, 14(2), 105-119. Cheng, H., Bouziane, M., Rattner, L., & Yee, L. [1991]. "Information Resources Management in heterogeneous distributed environments: A metadatabase approach", IEEE transactions on Software Engineering., 17(6), 604-625. Chou, H.-c., & Ding, Y. [1992]. "Methodology of integrating spatial analysis/modelling and GIS". In Proceedings: International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Charleston, Carolina: Bresnahan (Ed.), 514-523. Cockcroft, S. K. S., & Firns, P. G. [1994]. "Establishing a postgraduate programme in spatial data management". In Proceedings: Fifth annual working conference on software engineering education, Dunedin, New Zealand, November 1994: M. Purvis (Ed.), IEEE computer society press. 313-318. Dutton, G. [1993]. "Pathways to Sharable Spatial Databases". In Proceedings: Auto Carto 11, Minneapolis: ACSM-ASPRS. 157-166. Egenhofer, M. J. [1994]. "Spatial SQL: a query and presentation language", IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 6(1), 86-95. Egenhofer, M. J., & Al-Taha, K. A. [1992]. "Reasoning about gradual changes of topological relationships". In GIS, From space to territory, theories and methods of spatio-temporal reasoning in geographic space, Lecture notes in Computer Science, (vol. 639, pp. 196-219), A. Frank, I. Campari, & U. Formentini (Ed.), New York: Springer Verlag. Everett, y. [1994]. "About the Klamath metadata dictionary" . Feuchtwanger, M. [1993]. "Towards a geographic sematic data model", PhD Thesis, Simon Fraser University, Canada. FGDC, F. G. D. C. [1994]. Content standards for digital Geospatial Metadata . Federal Geographic Data Committee. Firns, P. G. [1994]. "An Extended Entity Relationship Model Applicable to the design of Spatially Referenced Databases", Ph.D. Thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. Gaede, V., & O.Günther . [1995]. " Constraint-Based Query Optimization and Processing,". In Proceedings: First International Database Workshop on Constraint Database Systems (CDB'95)., Goh, P. [1988]. "Spatial database updates: A formal treatment using entity relationship diagrams", The Australian Surveyor, 34(3), 307-313. Günther, O., & Lamberts, J. [1994]. "Object-oriented Techniques for the Management of Geographic and Environmental Data", The Computer Journal, 37(1), 16-25. Günther, O., & Riekart, W.-F. [1993]. "The design of GODOT: An Object-Oriented Geographic Information System", IEEE Data engineering bulletin, 16(3), 1-6. Hadzilacos, T., & Tryfona, N. [1992]. " A model for expressing topological integrity constraints in geographic databases". In Proceedings: Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space. International Conference GIS - From Space to Territory., Pisa , Italy: A. U. Frank, I. Campari, & U. Formentini (Ed.), 252-68. Hadzilacos, T., & Tryfona, N. [1994]. Logical data modelling for geographic applications (TR-94.01.1). Computer Technology Institute, Patras, Greece. Hadzilacos, T., & Tryfona, N. [1995]. "Logical data modelling for geographic applications", International journal of Geographical Information Systems, 10(2), 179-200. Henderson, M. M. [1987]. "The importance of data administration in information management", Information Management Review, 2(4), 41-47. Hoffer, J. A., & McFadden, F. R. [1994]. Modern Database Management(4th ed.). Redwood City, CA: Benjamin/Cummings. Jordan, E., & Machesky, J. [1990]. Systems Development: Requirements, Evaluation, Design and Implementation. Boston: PWS-Kent. Kim, W., Garza, J., & Keskin, A. [1993]. "Spatial data management in database systems: research directions". In Proceedings: Advances in Spatial Databases. Third International Symposium, SSD '93, Singapore: D. Abel, & B. C. Ooi (Ed.), Springer-Verlag Berlin, Germany. 1-13. Laurini, R. [1990]. "Introduction to ER modelling for urban data management". In Proceedings: 9th International conference on the Entity Relationship approach, Lausanne, Switzerland October 1990: H. Kangassalo (Ed.), North-Holland. 475-485. Medeiros, C. B., & Pires, F. [1994]. "Databases for GIS", ACM SIGMOD record, 23(1), 107-115. Milne, P. [1993]. "Geographical object oriented databases - a case study", International Journal of Geographic Information Systems, 7(1), 39-55. Oracle. [1995]. Oracle7 MultiDimensionTM Advances in Relational Database Technology for spatial Data Management . Robinson, V. B., & Sani, A. P. [1993]. "Modeling geographic information resources for airport technical data using the information resources dictionary system (IRDS) standard", Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 17(2), 111-127. Shoshani, A. [1994]. "Experience with creating a metadatabase and a metadata browsing tool". In Proceedings: IEEE workshop on metadata for scientific and technical data management, Washington, May 1994: Star, J., & Estes, J. [1990]. Geographic Information Systems: An Introduction. Eaglewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Tannenbaum, A. [1994]. Implementing a corporate repository(First ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons. Tomlin, C. D. [1990]. "Cartographic modelling". In Geographical Information Systems: Principles and applications, (vol. 1, pp. 361-374.), D. J. Maguire, Goodchild, M. F. (Ed.), London: Longman. Wang, F., & Newkirk, R. [1988]. "An entity relationship model for Geographical Information System development". In Proceedings: ACSM-ASPRS Annual convention, St Louis, March 1988: 162-172. Worboys, M. F. [1994a]. Innovations in GIS. London: Taylor and Francis. Worboys, M. F. [1994b]. "Object-Oriented Approaches to Geo-Referenced Information", 8(4), 385-399. Worboys, M. F., Hearnshaw, H. M., & Maguire, D. J. [1990]. "Object-oriented data modelling for spatial databases", International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 4(4), 369-383