First-Class Nonstandard Interpretations by Opening Closures

We motivate and discuss a novel functional programming construct that allows convenient modular run-time nonstandard interpretation via reflection on closure environments. This map-closure construct encompasses both the ability to examine the contents of a closure environment and to construct a new closure with a modified environment. From the user’s perspective, map-closure is a powerful and useful construct that supports such tasks as tracing, security logging, sandboxing, error checking, profiling, code instrumentation and metering, run-time code patching, and resource monitoring. From the implementor’s perspective, map-closure is analogous to call/cc. Just as call/cc is a non-referentiallytransparent mechanism that reifies the continuations that are only implicit in programs written in direct style, map-closure is a nonreferentially- transparent mechanism that reifies the closure environments that are only implicit in higher-order programs. Just as CPS conversion is a non-local but purely syntactic transformation that can eliminate references to call/cc, closure conversion is a non-local but purely syntactic transformation that can eliminate references to map-closure. We show how the combination of map-closure and call/cc can be used to implement set! as a procedure definition and a local macro transformation

CLiFF Notes: Research in the Language Information and Computation Laboratory of The University of Pennsylvania

This report takes its name from the Computational Linguistics Feedback Forum (CLIFF), an informal discussion group for students and faculty. However the scope of the research covered in this report is broader than the title might suggest; this is the yearly report of the LINC Lab, the Language, Information and Computation Laboratory of the University of Pennsylvania. It may at first be hard to see the threads that bind together the work presented here, work by faculty, graduate students and postdocs in the Computer Science, Psychology, and Linguistics Departments, and the Institute for Research in Cognitive Science. It includes prototypical Natural Language fields such as: Combinatorial Categorial Grammars, Tree Adjoining Grammars, syntactic parsing and the syntax-semantics interface; but it extends to statistical methods, plan inference, instruction understanding, intonation, causal reasoning, free word order languages, geometric reasoning, medical informatics, connectionism, and language acquisition. With 48 individual contributors and six projects represented, this is the largest LINC Lab collection to date, and the most diverse

Constraint propagation in Mozart

This thesis presents constraint propagation in Mozart which is based on computational agents called propagators. The thesis designs, implements, and evaluates propagator-based propagation engines. A propagation engine is split up in generic propagation services and domain specific domain solvers which are connected by a constraint programming interface. Propagators use filters to perform constraint propagation. The interface isolates filters from propagators such that they can be shared among various systems. This thesis presents the design and implementation of a finite integer set domainsolver for Mozart which reasons over bound and cardinality approximations of sets.The solver cooperates with a finite domain solver to improve its propagation and expressiveness. This thesis promotes constraints to first-class citizens and thus, provides extra control over constraints. Novel programming techniques taking advantage of the first-class status of constraints are developed and illustrated.Diese Dissertation beschreibt Constraint-Propagierung in Mozart, die auf Berechnungsagenten, Propagierer genannt, basiert. Die Dissertation entwirft, implementiert und evaluiert Propagierer-basierte Propagierungsmaschinen. Eine Propagierungsmaschine ist aufgeteilt in generische Propagierungsdienste und domänenspezifische Domänenlöser, die durch eine Schnittstelle zur Constraint-Programmierung miteinander verbunden sind. Propagierer benutzen Filter, um Constraints zu propagieren. Die Schnittstelle isoliert Filter von Propagierern, so dass Programmkodes von Filtern von verschiedenen Systemen genutzt werden können. Diese Dissertation präsentiert den Entwurf und die Implementierung eines Domänenlösers über endliche Mengen von ganzen Zahlen für Mozart, die über Mengen- und Kardinalitätsschranken approximiert werden. Dieser kooperiert mit einem Löser über endlichen Bereichen, um die Propagierung und die Ausdrucksfähigkeit zu verbessern. Diese Dissertation erhebt Constraints zu emanzipierten Datenstrukturen und stellt auf dieseWeise zusätzliche Steuerungsmöglichkeiten über Constraints zur Verfügung. Des Weiteren werden neuartige Programmiertechniken für emanzipierte Constraints entwickelt und demonstriert

Constraint propagation in Mozart

This thesis presents constraint propagation in Mozart which is based on computational agents called propagators. The thesis designs, implements, and evaluates propagator-based propagation engines. A propagation engine is split up in generic propagation services and domain specific domain solvers which are connected by a constraint programming interface. Propagators use filters to perform constraint propagation. The interface isolates filters from propagators such that they can be shared among various systems. This thesis presents the design and implementation of a finite integer set domainsolver for Mozart which reasons over bound and cardinality approximations of sets.The solver cooperates with a finite domain solver to improve its propagation and expressiveness. This thesis promotes constraints to first-class citizens and thus, provides extra control over constraints. Novel programming techniques taking advantage of the first-class status of constraints are developed and illustrated.Diese Dissertation beschreibt Constraint-Propagierung in Mozart, die auf Berechnungsagenten, Propagierer genannt, basiert. Die Dissertation entwirft, implementiert und evaluiert Propagierer-basierte Propagierungsmaschinen. Eine Propagierungsmaschine ist aufgeteilt in generische Propagierungsdienste und domänenspezifische Domänenlöser, die durch eine Schnittstelle zur Constraint-Programmierung miteinander verbunden sind. Propagierer benutzen Filter, um Constraints zu propagieren. Die Schnittstelle isoliert Filter von Propagierern, so dass Programmkodes von Filtern von verschiedenen Systemen genutzt werden können. Diese Dissertation präsentiert den Entwurf und die Implementierung eines Domänenlösers über endliche Mengen von ganzen Zahlen für Mozart, die über Mengen- und Kardinalitätsschranken approximiert werden. Dieser kooperiert mit einem Löser über endlichen Bereichen, um die Propagierung und die Ausdrucksfähigkeit zu verbessern. Diese Dissertation erhebt Constraints zu emanzipierten Datenstrukturen und stellt auf dieseWeise zusätzliche Steuerungsmöglichkeiten über Constraints zur Verfügung. Des Weiteren werden neuartige Programmiertechniken für emanzipierte Constraints entwickelt und demonstriert

Programming with agents new metaphors for thinking about computation

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Media Arts & Sciences, 1996.Includes bibliographical references (p. [197]-206).by Michael David Travers.M.S

Hybrid discourse modeling and summarization for a speech-to-speech translation system

The thesis discusses two parts of the speech-to-speech translation system VerbMobil: the dialogue model and one of its applications, multilingual summary generation. In connection with the dialogue model, two topics are of special interest: (a) the use of a default unification operation called overlay as the fundamental operation for dialogue management; and (b) an intentional model that is able to describe intentions in dialogue on five levels in a language-independent way. Besides the actual generation algorithm developed, we present a comprehensive evaluation of the summarization functionality. In addition to precision and recall, a new characterization - confabulation - is defined that provides a more precise understanding of the performance of complex natural language processing systems.Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt hauptsächlich zwei Themen, die für das VerbMobil-System, ein Übersetzungssystem gesprochener Spontansprache, entwickelt wurden: das Dialogmodell und als Applikation die multilinguale Generierung von Ergebnissprotokollen. Für die Dialogmodellierung sind zwei Themen von besonderem Interesse. Das erste behandelt eine in der vorliegenden Arbeit formalisierte Default-Unifikations-Operation namens Overlay, die als fundamentale Operation für Diskursverarbeitung dient. Das zweite besteht aus einem intentionalen Modell, das Intentionen eines Dialogs auf fünf Ebenen in einer sprachunabhängigen Repräsentation darstellt. Neben dem für die Protokollgenerierung entwickelten Generierungsalgorithmus wird eine umfassende Evaluation zur Protokollgenerierungsfunktionalität vorgestellt. Zusätzlich zu "precision" und "recall" wird ein neues Maß - Konfabulation (Engl.: "confabulation") - vorgestellt, das eine präzisere Charakterisierung der Qualität eines komplexen Sprachverarbeitungssystems ermöglicht

International Workshop on Description Logics : Bonn, May 28/29, 1994

This collection of papers forms the permanent record of the 1994 Description Logic Workshop, that was held at the Gustav Stresemann Institut in Bonn, Germany on 28 and 29 May 1994, immediately after the Fourth International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning. The workshop was set up to be as informal as possible, so this collection cannot hope to capture the discussions associated with the workshop. However, we hope that it will serve to remind participants of their discussion at the workshop, and provide non-participants with indications of the topics that were discussed at the workshop. The workshop consisted of seven regular sessions and one panel session. Each regular session had about four short presentations on a single theme, but also had considerable time reserved for discussion. The themes of the sessions were Foundations of Description Logics, Architecture of Description Logics and Description Logic Systems, Language Extensions, Expanding Description Logics, General Applications of Description Logics, Natural Language Applications of Description Logics, Connections between Description Logics and Databases, and the Future of Description Logics and Description Logic Systems. The session on Foundations of Description Logics concentrated on computational properties of description logics, correspondences between description logics and other formalisms, and on semantics of description logics, Similarly, there is discussion on how to develop tractable desription logics, for some notion of tractable, and whether it is useful to worry about achieving tractability at all. Several of the participants argued in favour of a very expressive description logic. This obviously precludes tractability or even decidability of complete reasoning. Klaus Schild proposed that for some purposes one could employ "model checking" (i .e., a closed world assumption) instead of "theorem proving," and has shown that this is still tractable for very large languages. Maurizio Lenzerini's opinion was that it is important to have decidable languages. Tractability cannot be achieved in several application areas because there one needs very expressive constructs: e.g., axioms, complex role constructors, and cycles with fixed-point semantics. For Bob MacGregor, not even decidability is an issue since he claims that Loom's incomplete reasoner is sufficient for his applications. The discussion addressed the question of whether there is still need for foundations, and whether the work on foundation done until now really solved the problems that the designers of early DL systems had. Both questions were mostly answered in the affirmative, with the caveat that new research on foundations should make sure that it is concerned with "real" problems, and not just generates new problems. In the session on Architecture of Description Logics and Description Logic Systems the participants considered different ways of putting together description logics and description logic systems. One way of doing this is to have a different kind of inference strategy for description logics, such as one based on intuitionistic logics or one based directly on rules of inference-thus allowing variant systems. Another way of modifying description logic systems is to divide them up in different ways, such as making a terminology consist of a schema portion and a view portion. Some discussion in this session concerned whether architectures should be influenced by application areas, or even by particular applications. There was considerable discussion at the workshop on how Description Logics should be extended or expanded to make them more useful. There are several methods to do this. The first is to extend the language of descriptions, e.g ., to represent n-ary relations, temporal information, or whole-part relationships, all of which were discussed at the workshop. The second is to add in another kind of reasoning, such as default reasoning, while still keeping the general framework of description logic reasoning. The third is to incorporate descriptions or description-like constructs in a larger reasoner, such as a first order reasoner. This was the approach taken in OMEGA and is the approach being taken in the Loom project. There have been many extensions of the first two kinds proposed for description logics, including several presented at the workshop. One quest ion discussed at the workshop was whether these extensions fit in well with the philosophy of description logic. Another question was whether the presence of many proposals for extensions means that description logics are easy to expand, or that description logics are inadequate representation formalisms? The general consensus was that description logics adequately capture a certain kind of core reasoning and that they lend themselves to incorporation with other kinds of reasoning. Care must be taken, however, to keep the extended versions true to the goals of description logics. The sessions on Applications of Description Logics had presentations on applications of description logics in various areas, including configuration, tutoring, natural language processing, and domain modeling. Most of these applications are research applications, funded by government research programs. There was discussion of what is needed to have more fielded applications of description logics. The session on Connections between Description Logics and Databases considered three kinds of connections between Description Logics and Databases: 1. using Description Logics for expressing database schemas, including local schemas, integrated schemas, and views, integrity constraints, and queries; 2. using Description Logic reasoning for various database-related reasoning, including schema integration and validation, and query optimization, and query validation and organization; and 3. making Description Logic reasoners more like Database Mangagement Systems via optimization. All three of these connections are being actively investigated by the description logic community. The panel session on the Future of Description Logics and Description Logic Systems discussed where the future of description logics will lie. There seems to be a consensus that description logics must forge tighter connections with other formalisms, such as databases or object-oriented systems. In this way, perhaps, description logics will find more real applications