A survey on Bluetooth multi-hop networks

Bluetooth was firstly announced in 1998. Originally designed as cable replacement connecting devices in a point-to-point fashion its high penetration arouses interest in its ad-hoc networking potential. This ad-hoc networking potential of Bluetooth is advertised for years - but until recently no actual products were available and less than a handful of real Bluetooth multi-hop network deployments were reported. The turnaround was triggered by the release of the Bluetooth Low Energy Mesh Profile which is unquestionable a great achievement but not well suited for all use cases of multi-hop networks. This paper surveys the tremendous work done on Bluetooth multi-hop networks during the last 20 years. All aspects are discussed with demands for a real world Bluetooth multi-hop operation in mind. Relationships and side effects of different topics for a real world implementation are explained. This unique focus distinguishes this survey from existing ones. Furthermore, to the best of the authors’ knowledge this is the first survey consolidating the work on Bluetooth multi-hop networks for classic Bluetooth technology as well as for Bluetooth Low Energy. Another individual characteristic of this survey is a synopsis of real world Bluetooth multi-hop network deployment efforts. In fact, there are only four reports of a successful establishment of a Bluetooth multi-hop network with more than 30 nodes and only one of them was integrated in a real world application - namely a photovoltaic power plant. © 2019 The Author

A PROTOCOL SUITE FOR WIRELESS PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS

A Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) is an ad hoc network that consists of devices that surround an individual or an object. Bluetooth® technology is especially suitable for formation of WPANs due to the pervasiveness of devices with Bluetooth® chipsets, its operation in the unlicensed Industrial, Scientific, Medical (ISM) frequency band, and its interference resilience. Bluetooth® technology has great potential to become the de facto standard for communication between heterogeneous devices in WPANs. The piconet, which is the basic Bluetooth® networking unit, utilizes a Master/Slave (MS) configuration that permits only a single master and up to seven active slave devices. This structure limitation prevents Bluetooth® devices from directly participating in larger Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) and Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). In order to build larger Bluetooth® topologies, called scatternets, individual piconets must be interconnected. Since each piconet has a unique frequency hopping sequence, piconet interconnections are done by allowing some nodes, called bridges, to participate in more than one piconet. These bridge nodes divide their time between piconets by switching between Frequency Hopping (FH) channels and synchronizing to the piconet\u27s master. In this dissertation we address scatternet formation, routing, and security to make Bluetooth® scatternet communication feasible. We define criteria for efficient scatternet topologies, describe characteristics of different scatternet topology models as well as compare and contrast their properties, classify existing scatternet formation approaches based on the aforementioned models, and propose a distributed scatternet formation algorithm that efficiently forms a scatternet topology and is resilient to node failures. We propose a hybrid routing algorithm, using a bridge link agnostic approach, that provides on-demand discovery of destination devices by their address or by the services that devices provide to their peers, by extending the Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) to scatternets. We also propose a link level security scheme that provides secure communication between adjacent piconet masters, within what we call an Extended Scatternet Neighborhood (ESN)

Energy-efficient bluetooth scatternet formation based on device and link characteristics

Cataloged from PDF version of article.Bluetooth is a promising ad hoc networking technology. Although construction and operation of piconets are well defined in Bluetooth specifications, there is no unique standard for scatternet formation and operation. In this thesis, we propose a distributed and energy-efficient Bluetooth Scatternet Formation algorithm based on Device and Link characteristics (SF-DeviL) that is compatible with Bluetooth specifications. SF-DeviL handles energy efficiency using classes of devices, battery levels and the received signal strengths. SF-DeviL forms scatternets with tree topologies that are robust to battery depletions, where devices are arranged in an hierarchical order in terms of battery power and traffic generation rate. SF-DeviL is dynamic in the sense that the topology is reconfigured when battery levels are depleted, thereby increasing the lifetime of the scatternet. Unlike many of the algorithms in the literature SF-DeviL is also multihop, i.e., there is no requirement for each node to be in the transmission range of all other nodes.Pamuk, CananM.S

Design Optimization Of Datapath Transmitter In Bluetooth Baseband Controller

A Bluetooth baseband controller is placed in the physical layer of the Bluetooth Protocol stack to manage all the physical channels and links like error correction, hop selection, security and data whitening. The baseband handles the packets and does the inquiry for the Bluetooth devices in the area. The optimization of the performance is needed but it is of a trade off with the area and power consumption of the device. The bigger the design, the more the power being consumed. In this thesis, the objective is to optimize the design of the transmitter in the datapath of the Bluetooth baseband controller. It is also part of the objective to improve the RC delay of the worst path timing. The inherited codes need to be verified with a test bench on Model Sim first. Then, a synthesis process is being done using the Synopsys tool in order to generate a netlist. The netlist is then being translated into physical implementation of the logic and the layout is formed. Then, the optimization process starts again from the VHDL code to the layout process. The synthesized results are first being compared with the results from the IC Compiler. The results of the synthesized results before and after optimization is being compared as well. It is shown that the optimized design has a larger area and power consumption of 75023.627147 square micron and 18.2595 mW but the timing in the worst path is significantly improved from 4 ps to 390 ps. The transmitter is able to operate at 200 MHz from the constraint set and the operating voltage is at 1.62 V. Thus, a tradeoff with the area and power consumption is in place if optimization on the timing performance is done. The focus of this project is on the performance of the design

Energy efficiency in short and wide-area IoT technologies—A survey

In the last years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a key application context in the design and evolution of technologies in the transition toward a 5G ecosystem. More and more IoT technologies have entered the market and represent important enablers in the deployment of networks of interconnected devices. As network and spatial device densities grow, energy efficiency and consumption are becoming an important aspect in analyzing the performance and suitability of different technologies. In this framework, this survey presents an extensive review of IoT technologies, including both Low-Power Short-Area Networks (LPSANs) and Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs), from the perspective of energy efficiency and power consumption. Existing consumption models and energy efficiency mechanisms are categorized, analyzed and discussed, in order to highlight the main trends proposed in literature and standards toward achieving energy-efficient IoT networks. Current limitations and open challenges are also discussed, aiming at highlighting new possible research directions

Enhanced Bluetooth Low Energy 5 Aodv-Based Mesh Communication Protocol With Multipath Support

Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks (WAHN) are growing more widespread due to improvements in Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. Several WAHN technologies, including ZigBee, Z-Wave, Threads, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) are available. Despite progress on IoT, network-based routing continues to be a critical problem that has to be tackled. In view of the above, this study focuses on a BLE-based mesh network

Can Bluetooth Succeed as a Large-Scale Ad Hoc Networking Technology?

We investigate issues that Bluetooth may face in evolving from a simple wire replacement to a large-scale ad hoc networking technology. We do so by examining the efficacy of Bluetooth in establishing a connected topology, which is a basic requirement of any networking technology. We demonstrate that Bluetooth experiences some fundamental algorithmic challenges in accomplishing this seemingly simple task. Specifically, deciding whether there exists at least one connected topology that satisfies the Bluetooth constraints is NP-hard. Several implementation problems also arise due to the internal structure of the Bluetooth protocol stack. All these together degrade the performance of the network, or increase the complexity of operation. Given the availability of efficient substitute technologies, Bluetooth’s use may end up being limited to small ad hoc networks

A Taxonomy of Self-configuring Service Discovery Systems

We analyze the fundamental concepts and issues in service discovery. This analysis places service discovery in the context of distributed systems by describing service discovery as a third generation naming system. We also describe the essential architectures and the functionalities in service discovery. We then proceed to show how service discovery fits into a system, by characterizing operational aspects. Subsequently, we describe how existing state of the art performs service discovery, in relation to the operational aspects and functionalities, and identify areas for improvement