WHO WINS IN A DATA BREACH? - A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE INTANGIBLE COSTS OF DATA BREACH INCIDENTS

Over the years data breaches have become a status quo due to an attacker’s repeated ability to successfully infiltrate networks. 2015 was no stranger to these cases. Victims included millions of customers of Anthem, BlueCross BlueShield, Experian/T-Mobile, and Office of Personnel Management, all of whom lost confidential data. Needless to say, data breaches have a significant impact on the financial performance and reputation of firms. Collectively, the majority of the previous security studies on breach announcements have used event study methodology. These studies have focused on the change in market value of the company within a few days of the security breach announcements and concluded that there is a negative impact. But what is the impact of negative publicity due to a data breach on an organization’s reputation? How should that be gauged? In this study we compare the financial impact with the reputational damage of data breaches. We performed two event studies: an event study on stock prices and additionally a sentiment event study applied on social media data. In contrast to previous research, shareholders do not react negatively to data breach announcements, whereas the impact on reputation is statistically significant as negative

Fuzzy Techniques for Decision Making 2018

Zadeh's fuzzy set theory incorporates the impreciseness of data and evaluations, by imputting the degrees by which each object belongs to a set. Its success fostered theories that codify the subjectivity, uncertainty, imprecision, or roughness of the evaluations. Their rationale is to produce new flexible methodologies in order to model a variety of concrete decision problems more realistically. This Special Issue garners contributions addressing novel tools, techniques and methodologies for decision making (inclusive of both individual and group, single- or multi-criteria decision making) in the context of these theories. It contains 38 research articles that contribute to a variety of setups that combine fuzziness, hesitancy, roughness, covering sets, and linguistic approaches. Their ranges vary from fundamental or technical to applied approaches