9,670 research outputs found
Cancer diagnosis using deep learning: A bibliographic review
In this paper, we first describe the basics of the field of cancer diagnosis, which includes steps of cancer diagnosis followed by the typical classification methods used by doctors, providing a historical idea of cancer classification techniques to the readers. These methods include Asymmetry, Border, Color and Diameter (ABCD) method, seven-point detection method, Menzies method, and pattern analysis. They are used regularly by doctors for cancer diagnosis, although they are not considered very efficient for obtaining better performance. Moreover, considering all types of audience, the basic evaluation criteria are also discussed. The criteria include the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve), Area under the ROC curve (AUC), F1 score, accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, precision, dice-coefficient, average accuracy, and Jaccard index. Previously used methods are considered inefficient, asking for better and smarter methods for cancer diagnosis. Artificial intelligence and cancer diagnosis are gaining attention as a way to define better diagnostic tools. In particular, deep neural networks can be successfully used for intelligent image analysis. The basic framework of how this machine learning works on medical imaging is provided in this study, i.e., pre-processing, image segmentation and post-processing. The second part of this manuscript describes the different deep learning techniques, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), generative adversarial models (GANs), deep autoencoders (DANs), restricted Boltzmann’s machine (RBM), stacked autoencoders (SAE), convolutional autoencoders (CAE), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), long short-term memory (LTSM), multi-scale convolutional neural network (M-CNN), multi-instance learning convolutional neural network (MIL-CNN). For each technique, we provide Python codes, to allow interested readers to experiment with the cited algorithms on their own diagnostic problems. The third part of this manuscript compiles the successfully applied deep learning models for different types of cancers. Considering the length of the manuscript, we restrict ourselves to the discussion of breast cancer, lung cancer, brain cancer, and skin cancer. The purpose of this bibliographic review is to provide researchers opting to work in implementing deep learning and artificial neural networks for cancer diagnosis a knowledge from scratch of the state-of-the-art achievements
A Survey on Deep Learning in Medical Image Analysis
Deep learning algorithms, in particular convolutional networks, have rapidly
become a methodology of choice for analyzing medical images. This paper reviews
the major deep learning concepts pertinent to medical image analysis and
summarizes over 300 contributions to the field, most of which appeared in the
last year. We survey the use of deep learning for image classification, object
detection, segmentation, registration, and other tasks and provide concise
overviews of studies per application area. Open challenges and directions for
future research are discussed.Comment: Revised survey includes expanded discussion section and reworked
introductory section on common deep architectures. Added missed papers from
before Feb 1st 201
Abnormality Detection in Mammography using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. The most common
screening technology is mammography. To reduce the cost and workload of
radiologists, we propose a computer aided detection approach for classifying
and localizing calcifications and masses in mammogram images. To improve on
conventional approaches, we apply deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) for
automatic feature learning and classifier building. In computer-aided
mammography, deep CNN classifiers cannot be trained directly on full mammogram
images because of the loss of image details from resizing at input layers.
Instead, our classifiers are trained on labelled image patches and then adapted
to work on full mammogram images for localizing the abnormalities.
State-of-the-art deep convolutional neural networks are compared on their
performance of classifying the abnormalities. Experimental results indicate
that VGGNet receives the best overall accuracy at 92.53\% in classifications.
For localizing abnormalities, ResNet is selected for computing class activation
maps because it is ready to be deployed without structural change or further
training. Our approach demonstrates that deep convolutional neural network
classifiers have remarkable localization capabilities despite no supervision on
the location of abnormalities is provided.Comment: 6 page
An Interpretable Deep Hierarchical Semantic Convolutional Neural Network for Lung Nodule Malignancy Classification
While deep learning methods are increasingly being applied to tasks such as
computer-aided diagnosis, these models are difficult to interpret, do not
incorporate prior domain knowledge, and are often considered as a "black-box."
The lack of model interpretability hinders them from being fully understood by
target users such as radiologists. In this paper, we present a novel
interpretable deep hierarchical semantic convolutional neural network (HSCNN)
to predict whether a given pulmonary nodule observed on a computed tomography
(CT) scan is malignant. Our network provides two levels of output: 1) low-level
radiologist semantic features, and 2) a high-level malignancy prediction score.
The low-level semantic outputs quantify the diagnostic features used by
radiologists and serve to explain how the model interprets the images in an
expert-driven manner. The information from these low-level tasks, along with
the representations learned by the convolutional layers, are then combined and
used to infer the high-level task of predicting nodule malignancy. This unified
architecture is trained by optimizing a global loss function including both
low- and high-level tasks, thereby learning all the parameters within a joint
framework. Our experimental results using the Lung Image Database Consortium
(LIDC) show that the proposed method not only produces interpretable lung
cancer predictions but also achieves significantly better results compared to
common 3D CNN approaches
- …