Multi-target selection and high throughput quantitative structure-activity relationship model development

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

Virtual Screening of Multi-Target Agents by Combinatorial Machine Learning Methods

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

Hybrid feature selection based on principal component analysis and grey wolf optimizer algorithm for Arabic news article classification

The rapid growth of electronic documents has resulted from the expansion and development of internet technologies. Text-documents classification is a key task in natural language processing that converts unstructured data into structured form and then extract knowledge from it. This conversion generates a high dimensional data that needs further analusis using data mining techniques like feature extraction, feature selection, and classification to derive meaningful insights from the data. Feature selection is a technique used for reducing dimensionality in order to prune the feature space and, as a result, lowering the computational cost and enhancing classification accuracy. This work presents a hybrid filter-wrapper method based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as a filter approach to select an appropriate and informative subset of features and Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) as wrapper approach (PCA-GWO) to select further informative features. Logistic Regression (LR) is used as an elevator to test the classification accuracy of candidate feature subsets produced by GWO. Three Arabic datasets, namely Alkhaleej, Akhbarona, and Arabiya, are used to assess the efficiency of the proposed method. The experimental results confirm that the proposed method based on PCA-GWO outperforms the baseline classifiers with/without feature selection and other feature selection approaches in terms of classification accuracy

Anticancer drug discovery using artificial intelligence: an application in pharmacological activity prediction

Hematological cancers are a heterogeneous family of diseases that can be divided into leukemias, lymphomas, and myelomas, often called “liquid tumors”. Since they cannot be surgically removable, chemotherapy represents the mainstay of their treatment. However, it still faces several challenges like drug resistance and low response rate, and the need for new anticancer agents is compelling. The drug discovery process is long-term, costly, and prone to high failure rates. With the rapid expansion of biological and chemical "big data", some computational techniques such as machine learning tools have been increasingly employed to speed up and economize the whole process. Machine learning algorithms can create complex models with the aim to determine the biological activity of compounds against several targets, based on their chemical properties. These models are defined as multi-target Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (mt-QSAR) and can be used to virtually screen small and large chemical libraries for the identification of new molecules with anticancer activity. The aim of my Ph.D. project was to employ machine learning techniques to build an mt-QSAR classification model for the prediction of cytotoxic drugs simultaneously active against 43 hematological cancer cell lines. For this purpose, first, I constructed a large and diversified dataset of molecules extracted from the ChEMBL database. Then, I compared the performance of different ML classification algorithms, until Random Forest was identified as the one returning the best predictions. Finally, I used different approaches to maximize the performance of the model, which achieved an accuracy of 88% by correctly classifying 93% of inactive molecules and 72% of active molecules in a validation set. This model was further applied to the virtual screening of a small dataset of molecules tested in our laboratory, where it showed 100% accuracy in correctly classifying all molecules. This result is confirmed by our previous in vitro experiments

NOVEL ALGORITHMS AND TOOLS FOR LIGAND-BASED DRUG DESIGN

Computer-aided drug design (CADD) has become an indispensible component in modern drug discovery projects. The prediction of physicochemical properties and pharmacological properties of candidate compounds effectively increases the probability for drug candidates to pass latter phases of clinic trials. Ligand-based virtual screening exhibits advantages over structure-based drug design, in terms of its wide applicability and high computational efficiency. The established chemical repositories and reported bioassays form a gigantic knowledgebase to derive quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) and structure-property relationship (QSPR). In addition, the rapid advance of machine learning techniques suggests new solutions for data-mining huge compound databases. In this thesis, a novel ligand classification algorithm, Ligand Classifier of Adaptively Boosting Ensemble Decision Stumps (LiCABEDS), was reported for the prediction of diverse categorical pharmacological properties. LiCABEDS was successfully applied to model 5-HT1A ligand functionality, ligand selectivity of cannabinoid receptor subtypes, and blood-brain-barrier (BBB) passage. LiCABEDS was implemented and integrated with graphical user interface, data import/export, automated model training/ prediction, and project management. Besides, a non-linear ligand classifier was proposed, using a novel Topomer kernel function in support vector machine. With the emphasis on green high-performance computing, graphics processing units are alternative platforms for computationally expensive tasks. A novel GPU algorithm was designed and implemented in order to accelerate the calculation of chemical similarities with dense-format molecular fingerprints. Finally, a compound acquisition algorithm was reported to construct structurally diverse screening library in order to enhance hit rates in high-throughput screening

IN SILICO METHODS FOR DRUG DESIGN AND DISCOVERY

Computer-aided drug design (CADD) methodologies are playing an ever-increasing role in drug discovery that are critical in the cost-effective identification of promising drug candidates. These computational methods are relevant in limiting the use of animal models in pharmacological research, for aiding the rational design of novel and safe drug candidates, and for repositioning marketed drugs, supporting medicinal chemists and pharmacologists during the drug discovery trajectory.Within this field of research, we launched a Research Topic in Frontiers in Chemistry in March 2019 entitled “In silico Methods for Drug Design and Discovery,” which involved two sections of the journal: Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Theoretical and Computational Chemistry. For the reasons mentioned, this Research Topic attracted the attention of scientists and received a large number of submitted manuscripts. Among them 27 Original Research articles, five Review articles, and two Perspective articles have been published within the Research Topic. The Original Research articles cover most of the topics in CADD, reporting advanced in silico methods in drug discovery, while the Review articles offer a point of view of some computer-driven techniques applied to drug research. Finally, the Perspective articles provide a vision of specific computational approaches with an outlook in the modern era of CADD

EU US Roadmap Nanoinformatics 2030

The Nanoinformatics Roadmap 2030 is a compilation of state-of-the-art commentaries from multiple interconnecting scientific fields, combined with issues involving nanomaterial (NM) risk assessment and governance. In bringing these issues together into a coherent set of milestones, the authors address three recognised challenges facing nanoinformatics: (1) limited data sets; (2) limited data access; and (3) regulatory requirements for validating and accepting computational models. It is also recognised that data generation will progress unequally and unstructured if not captured within a nanoinformatics framework based on harmonised, interconnected databases and standards. The implicit coordination efforts within such a framework ensure early use of the data for regulatory purposes, e.g., for the read-across method of filling data gaps

Machine learning methods for quantitative structure-property relationship modeling

Tese de doutoramento, Informática (Bioinformática), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2014Due to the high rate of new compounds discovered each day and the morosity/cost of experimental measurements there will always be a significant gap between the number of known chemical compounds and the amount of chemical compounds for which experimental properties are available. This research work is motivated by the fact that the development of new methods for predicting properties and organize huge collections of molecules to reveal certain chemical categories/patterns and select diverse/representative samples for exploratory experiments are becoming essential. This work aims to increase the capability to predict physical, chemical and biological properties, using data mining methods applied to complex non-homogeneous data (chemical structures), for large information repositories. In the first phase of this work, current methodologies in quantitative structure-property modelling were studied. These methodologies attempt to relate a set of selected structure-derived features of a compound to its property using model-based learning. This work focused on solving major issues identified when predicting properties of chemical compounds and on the solutions explored using different molecular representations, feature selection techniques and data mining approaches. In this context, an innovative hybrid approach was proposed in order to improve the prediction power and comprehensibility of QSPR/QSAR problems using Random Forests for feature selection. It is acknowledged that, in general, similar molecules tend to have similar properties; therefore, on the second phase of this work, an instance-based machine learning methodology for predicting properties of compounds using the similarity-based molecular space was developed. However, this type of methodology requires the quantification of structural similarity between molecules, which is often subjective, ambiguous and relies upon comparative judgements, and consequently, there is currently no absolute standard of molecular similarity. In this context, a new similarity method was developed, the non-contiguous atom matching (NAMS), based on the optimal atom alignment using pairwise matching algorithms that take into account both topological profiles and atoms/bonds characteristics. NAMS can then be used for property inference over the molecular metric space using ordinary kriging in order to obtain robust and interpretable predictive results, providing a better understanding of the underlying relationship structure-property.Devido ao crescimento exponencial do número de compostos químicos descobertos diariamente e à morosidade/custo de medições experimentais, existe uma diferença significativa entre o número de compostos químicos conhecidos e a quantidade de compostos para os quais estão disponíveis propriedades experimentais. O desenvolvimento de novos métodos para a previsão de propriedades e organização de grandes coleções de moléculas que permitam revelar certas categorias/padrões químicos e selecionar amostras diversas/representativas para estudos exploratórios estão a tornar-se essenciais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo melhorar a capacidade de prever propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas, através de métodos de aprendizagem automática aplicados a dados complexos não homogeneos (estruturas químicas), para grandes repositórios de informação. Numa primeira fase deste trabalho, foi feito o estudo de metodologias atualmente aplicadas para a modelação quantitativa entre estruturapropriedades. Estas metodologias tentam relacionar um conjunto seleccionado de descritores estruturais de uma molécula com as suas propriedades, utilizando uma abordagem baseada em modelos. Este trabalho centrou-se em solucionar as principais dificuldades identificadas na previsão de propriedades de compostos químicos e nas soluções exploradas utilizando diferentes representações moleculares, técnicas de seleção de descritores e abordagens de aprendizagem automática. Neste contexto, foi proposta uma abordagem híbrida inovadora para melhorar o capacidade de previsão e compreensão de problemas QSPR/QSAR utilizando o algoritmo "Random Forests" (Florestas Aleatórias) para seleção de descritores. É reconhecido que, em geral, moléculas semelhantes tendem a ter propriedades semelhantes; assim, numa segunda fase deste trabalho foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de aprendizagem automática baseada em instâncias para a previsão de propriedades de compostos químicos utilizando o espaço métrico construído a partir da semelhança estrutural entre moléculas. No entanto, este tipo de metodologia requer a quantificação de semelhança estrutural entre moléculas, o que é muitas vezes uma tarefa subjetiva, ambígua e dependente de julgamentos comparativos e, consequentemente, não existe atualmente nenhum padrão absoluto para definir semelhança molecular. Neste âmbito, foi desenvolvido um novo método de semelhança molecular, o “Non-Contiguous Atom Matching Structural Similarity” (NAMS), que se baseia no alinhamento de átomos utilizando algoritmos de emparelhamento que têm em conta os perfis topológicos das ligações e as características dos átomos e ligações. O espaço métrico molecular construído utilizando o NAMS pode ser aplicado à inferência de propriedades usando uma técnica de interpolação espacial, a "krigagem", que tem em conta a relação espacial entre as instâncias, com o objetivo de se obter uma previsão consistente e interpretável, proporcionando uma melhor compreensão da relação entre estrutura-propriedades.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT