Cathodic Protection Power Supply Implementations Using Solar Photovoltaic System

Corrosion is a major problem for oil and gas operators as the cost consumed each year is fighting corrosion are staggeringly high. Along with the implementation of cost effective corrosion prevention methods, the race for reducing cost consumption still goes on. One of the common method used to prevent the corrosion is by implementing a cathodic protection system to control the environment of the protected object. It is controlled by an injected current which coming from a power supply. Common power supply is from transformer rectifier unit which get supply from Tenaga Nasional Berhad. An unexpected event such as lightning strike the power supply system may have chances to be interrupted. Interrupted by mean the earth leakage circuit breaker disconnect from the supply to the transformer rectifier unit. Once it being interrupted, the metal failed to be protected. Thus, corrosion can be occurred and lead to severe damage. The metal subjected to this project is the underground gas pipeline. This project propose a backup power supply by using solar photovoltaic (PV) system to have a continuous cathodic protection system

Cathodic Protection Power Supply Implementations Using Solar Photovoltaic System

Corrosion is a major problem for oil and gas operators as the cost consumed each year is fighting corrosion are staggeringly high. Along with the implementation of cost effective corrosion prevention methods, the race for reducing cost consumption still goes on. One of the common method used to prevent the corrosion is by implementing a cathodic protection system to control the environment of the protected object. It is controlled by an injected current which coming from a power supply. Common power supply is from transformer rectifier unit which get supply from Tenaga Nasional Berhad. An unexpected event such as lightning strike the power supply system may have chances to be interrupted. Interrupted by mean the earth leakage circuit breaker disconnect from the supply to the transformer rectifier unit. Once it being interrupted, the metal failed to be protected. Thus, corrosion can be occurred and lead to severe damage. The metal subjected to this project is the underground gas pipeline. This project propose a backup power supply by using solar photovoltaic (PV) system to have a continuous cathodic protection system

Rancang Bangun Sistem Kontrol Pada Transformer Rectifier Untuk Proteksi Katodik Arus Tanding Dengan Beban Dinamik

ABSTRAK Korosi pada material logam terjadi jika suatu logam teroksidasi menjadi ion atau senyawa oksida logamnya. Salah satu cara untuk menanggulangi korosi pada struktur logam yaitu dengan cara proteksi katodik. Proteksi katodik didefinisikan sebagai cara memproteksi permukaan logam yang kontak dengan elektrolit berupa tanah atau air dengan cara mensuplai arus listrik DC (arus listrik searah) ke logam yang hendak diproteksi. Struktur baja yang diproteksi dikatakan telah terproteksi secara katodik jika struktur memiliki potensial polarisasi sekurang kurangnya - 850mV sampai -1100mV terhadap Cu/CuSO4. Besar arus listrik yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai potensial polarisasi sesuai kriteria proteksi katodik dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor berikut; luas permukaan struktur, kondisi coating struktur, temperatur, sifat fisik dan kimia elektrolit, dan kecepatan relatif struktur dengan elektrolit. Dalam tugas akhir ini akan dilakukan perancangan, pembuatan, serta pengujian sistem kontrol pada transformer rectifier untuk proteksi katodik arus tanding agar potensial polarisasi struktur tetap berada pada kondisi terproteksi. Microcontroller yang digunakan merupakan Arduino UNO serta menggunakan sistem kontrol PID (Proportional–Integral–Derivative). Pengujian dilakukan dengan cara memvariasikan luas permukaan katoda dengan menambahkan plat baja yang terhubung ke kutub negatif agar kebutuhan arus proteksi juga ikut berubah (bertambah besar), sehingga kontrol akan mengatur tegangan keluaran transformer recrifier untuk memberikan arus sesuai yang diperlukan agar potensial katoda tetap berada pada nilai setpoint. Kata Kunci: Proteksi Katodik Arus Tanding, Sistem Kontrol PID

Fuel Conservation by the Application of Spill Prevention and Failsafe Engineering (A Guideline Manual)

From a series of nationwide plant surveys dedicated to spill prevention, containment and countermeasure evaluation, coupled with spill response action activities, a need was determined for a spill prevention guideline manual. From Federally accumulated statistics for oil and hazardous substance spills, the authors culled information on spills of hydrocarbon products. In 1978, a total of 1456 oil spills were reported compared to 1451 in 1979. The 1978 spills were more severe, however, since 7;289,163 gallons of oil were accident~y discharged. In 1979, the gallons spilled was reduced to 3,663,473. These figures are derived from reported spills; it is highly possible that an equal amount was spilled and not reported. Spills effectively contained within a plant property that do not enter a n~vigational waterway need not be reported. Needless to say, there is a tremendous annual loss of oil products due to accidental spillage during transportation, cargo transfer, bulk storage and processing. As an aid to plant engineers and managers, Fe~eral workers, fire marshalls and fire and casualty insurance inspectors, the documen~ is offered as a spill prevention guide. The'manual defines state-of-the-art spill prevention practices and automation techniques that can reduce spills caused by human error. Whenever practical, the cost of implementation is provided to aid equipment acquisition and installation budgeting. To emphasize the need for spill prevention activities, historic spills are briefly described after which remedial action is defined in an appropriate section of the manual. The section on plant security goes into considerable depth since to date no Federal agency or traqe association has provided industry with guidelines on this important phase of plant operation. The intent of the document is to provide finger-tip reference material that can be used by interested parties in a nationwide effort to reduce loss of oil from preventable spills

NASA thesaurus. Volume 1: Hierarchical Listing

There are over 17,000 postable terms and nearly 4,000 nonpostable terms approved for use in the NASA scientific and technical information system in the Hierarchical Listing of the NASA Thesaurus. The generic structure is presented for many terms. The broader term and narrower term relationships are shown in an indented fashion that illustrates the generic structure better than the more widely used BT and NT listings. Related terms are generously applied, thus enhancing the usefulness of the Hierarchical Listing. Greater access to the Hierarchical Listing may be achieved with the collateral use of Volume 2 - Access Vocabulary and Volume 3 - Definitions

NASA thesaurus. Volume 2: Access vocabulary

The access vocabulary, which is essentially a permuted index, provides access to any word or number in authorized postable and nonpostable terms. Additional entries include postable and nonpostable terms, other word entries and pseudo-multiword terms that are permutations of words that contain words within words. The access vocabulary contains almost 42,000 entries that give increased access to the hierarchies in Volume 1 - Hierarchical Listing

NASA Thesaurus. Volume 1: Hierarchical listing

There are 16,713 postable terms and 3,716 nonpostable terms approved for use in the NASA scientific and technical information system in the Hierarchical Listing of the NASA Thesaurus. The generic structure is presented for many terms. The broader term and narrower term relationships are shown in an indented fashion that illustrates the generic structure better than the more widely used BT and NT listings. Related terms are generously applied, thus enhancing the usefulness of the Hierarchical Listing. Greater access to the Hierarchical Listing may be achieved with the collateral use of Volume 2 - Access Vocabulary

NASA thesaurus. Volume 2: Access vocabulary

The Access Vocabulary, which is essentially a permuted index, provides access to any word or number in authorized postable and nonpostable terms. Additional entries include postable and nonpostable terms, other word entries, and pseudo-multiword terms that are permutations of words that contain words within words. The Access Vocabulary contains 40,738 entries that give increased access to the hierarchies in Volume 1 - Hierarchical Listing

Rectenna circuits for RF energy harvesting in miniature DBS devices.

 Development of an optimum rectenna for radio frequency energy harvesting in miniature head-mountable deep brain stimulation (DBS) devices. The designed miniature rectenna can operate a DBS device without battery for murine preclinical research. The battery-less operation of the device eliminates battery related difficulties

NASA thesaurus. Volume 3: Definitions

Publication of NASA Thesaurus definitions began with Supplement 1 to the 1985 NASA Thesaurus. The definitions given here represent the complete file of over 3,200 definitions, complimented by nearly 1,000 use references. Definitions of more common or general scientific terms are given a NASA slant if one exists. Certain terms are not defined as a matter of policy: common names, chemical elements, specific models of computers, and nontechnical terms. The NASA Thesaurus predates by a number of years the systematic effort to define terms, therefore not all Thesaurus terms have been defined. Nevertheless, definitions of older terms are continually being added. The following data are provided for each entry: term in uppercase/lowercase form, definition, source, and year the term (not the definition) was added to the NASA Thesaurus. The NASA History Office is the authority for capitalization in satellite and spacecraft names. Definitions with no source given were constructed by lexicographers at the NASA Scientific and Technical Information (STI) Facility who rely on the following sources for their information: experts in the field, literature searches from the NASA STI database, and specialized references